HEALTH EDUC

• Health Education defined by the World Health Organization as opportunities for learning to improve health literacy, including knowledge and life skills conducive to individual and community health
• • Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century: Licensure of nurses started, specialization in hospitals, development of nursing programs, and scientific and technological advancements
• Historical development of nursing:

  • Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period: Nursing was instinctive and performed out of compassion, viewed as a natural nurturing job for women
  • Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages: Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, and religious orders without formal education
  • Period of Educated Nursing/Nightingale Era 19th - 20th century: Florence Nightingale founded modern nursing, developed the first school of nursing, and emphasized teaching patients about nutrition, hygiene, and well-being
• Credentialing process determines qualifications of licensed professionals or organizations through accreditation, licensure, or certifications
• Transition in nursing education from disease-oriented to prevention-oriented to health-oriented patient education

  • Nurse educators evolved from healers to expert advisors/teachers to facilitators of change
  • Emphasis on empowering patients to use their potentials and resources to the fullest
• Trends affecting health care and nursing education:

  • Federal initiatives, managed care growth, cost containment measures, and continuing education for prevention of malpractice
  • Expansion of nurses' practice responsibilities, consumer demand for self-care knowledge and skills, and lifestyle-related diseases prevention
  • National health care goals, development of effective health education programs, and nurses' role in educating about healthy lifestyles
• • Growth of managed care emphasizing outcome measures achieved through patient education, importance of economic and social values in preventive measures, and political emphasis on reducing healthcare costs
  • Consumers demanding more knowledge and skills for self-care, increase in chronic conditions requiring informed participants to manage illnesses, and reliance on self-care due to the increase in older population
• Increase in the number of older people created the need for consumers to rely more on self-care to maintain health
• Major causes of death are diseases that are lifestyle-related and can be prevented through health education
• Advance technology increased complexity of care and gave clients the ability to move away from health care settings
• Early hospital discharge made families and clients more self-reliant
• Patient education is believed to improve compliance and thus improve health status
• Emergence of successful self-help groups led to public and nurse involvement and support for educational activities
• Health Education has been taking place in a variety of ways over the past 30 years
• Awareness campaigns towards the prevention, monitoring, and control of potentially epidemic diseases have been implemented
• Some campaigns have targeted specialists by sharing information on the progress and problems surrounding the control of epidemics
• Other campaigns were addressed to the public, for example, prevention campaigns on tuberculosis, leprosy, polio, etc.
• Health Promotion is the process of empowering people to make healthy lifestyle choices and motivating them to become better self-managers
• The use of radio, cinema, television, and other communication media has been called for in health education campaigns
• Health Promotion strategies should focus on patient education, counseling, and support mechanisms
• The Health Promotion Model (HPM) focuses on helping people achieve higher levels of well-being
• The HPM encourages health professionals to provide positive resources to help patients achieve behavior-specific changes
• According to Pender, the HPM makes four assumptions:
• Major Concepts of the Health Promotion Model:
• Subconcepts of the Health Promotion Model:
• Personal Factors categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the nature of the target behavior being considered
• Perceived Benefits of Action are anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior
• Perceived Barriers to Action are anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behavior
• Activity-Related Effect is a subjective positive or negative feeling that occurs before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself
• Perceived Self-Efficacy is the judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior
• Interpersonal Influences include norms, social support, and modeling, with primary sources being families, peers, and healthcare providers
• Situational Influences are personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context that can facilitate or impede behavior
• Commitment to Plan of Action leads to the implementation of health behavior
• Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences include alternative behaviors over which individuals have low or high control
• Health-Promoting Behavior is an endpoint or action outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcomes
• Albert Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory states that self-efficacy is one of the most powerful motivational predictors of how well a person will perform at almost any endeavor
• Social Learning Theory emphasizes that people learn from one another and that learning is promoted by modeling or observing other people
• Health Belief Model attempts to explain and predict health behaviors, developed by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels
• Green's Precede-Proceed Model is a cost-benefit evaluation framework proposed by Lawrence W. Green to help health program planners, policy makers, and evaluators analyze situations and design health programs efficiently
• The PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model consists of four planning phases, one implementation phase, and three evaluation phases