PHARMACOLOGY

• Is the term that describes the four stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

  PHARMACOKENITICS
• Are medications or other substances that have a physiological effect when introduced to the body

  DRUGS
• The four basic stages for a medication to go through within the human body:

  ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION
• Occurs after medications enter the body and travel from the site of administration into the body’s circulation

  ABSORPTION
• Is the process by which medication is distributed throughout the body

  DISTRIBUTION
• Is the breakdown of a drug molecule

  METABOLISM
• Is the process by which the body eliminates waste

  EXCRETION
• Refers to the effects of drugs in the body and the mechanism of their action

  PHARMACODYNAMICS
• As a drug travels through the bloodstream, it will exhibit a unique _____ for the drug-receptor site, meaning how strongly it will bind to the site.

  AFFINITY
• How drugs work and the amount of drug that may be left circulating within the bloodstream

  BIOAVAILABILITY
• Is defined as the study of how people’s genes affect their response to medicines

  PHARMACOGENETICS
• The first stage of pharmacokinetics is known as

  ABSORPTION
• Common routes to administer medications:

  • ORAL

  • ENTERAL

  • RECTAL

  • INHALATION

  • INTRAMUSCULAR

  • SUBCUTANEOUS

  • TRANSDERMAL
• If the drug does get into the blood from the intestines, part of it will be broken down by liver enzymes, known as the

  FIRST PASS EFFECT
• Alternative routes of medication administration bypass the first pass effect by entering the bloodstream directly or via absorption through the

  SKIN OR LUNGS
• Do not undergo absorption and are fully available for distribution to tissues within the body

  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATIONS
• Is an alternate route that has the primary benefit of slow, steady drug delivery directly to the bloodstream—without passing through the liver first

  TRANSDERMAL
• Enter the blood via a meshwork of small arteries, veins, and capillaries in the skin

  TRANSDERMAL
• Drugs through the nose or mouth is another alternative route for rapid medication delivery that bypasses the liver

  INHALATION
• Is a convenient route for administration of solid as well as liquid formulations

  ORAL ROUTE
• The percentage of dose that reaches the systemic circulation

  BIOAVAILABILITY
• Drugs are fully available to tissues after administration into the bloodstream, offering complete bioavailability and an immediate effect

  INTRAVENOUS
• Drugs are fully available to tissues after administration into the bloodstream, offering complete bioavailability and an immediate effect

  INTRAVENOUS
• The second stage of pharmacokinetics is the process known as drug

  DISTRIBUTION
• This blockade is built from a tightly woven mesh of capillaries that protect the brain from potentially dangerous substances, such as poisons or viruses

  BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
• Only certain medications made of _____ or have a “carrier” can get through the blood-brain barrier

  LIPIDS (FATS)
• Is the amount of time it takes for half of the medication to be eliminated in the body. Directly correlates to the duration of the therapeutic effect of a medication

  HALF-LIFE
• Once a drug has been absorbed and distributed in the body, it will then be broken down by a process known as

  METABOLISM
• Products of enzymatic breakdown

  METABOLITES
• “Detoxifying” organ

  LIVER
• Rather than being destroyed by liver enzymes, a few drugs are metabolized into an active form of an intended drug called a

  PRODRUG
• Are calculated according to the liver’s ability to metabolize and the kidney’s ability to excrete

  DOSAGES
• Is the final stage of a medication interaction within the body

  EXCRETION
• Another potential route of excretion is the

  LUNGS
• The most common route of excretion is the

  KIDNEY
• As the kidneys filter blood, the majority of drug byproducts and waste are excreted in the

  URINE
• The rate of excretion can be estimated by taking into consideration several factors:

  AGE

  WEIGHT

  BIOLOGICAL SEX

  KIDNEY FUNCTION
• Is measured by lab values such as serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and creatinine clearance

  KIDNEY FUNCTION
• Kidney function is measured by lab values such as:

  SERUM CREATININE

  GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

  CREATININE CLEARANCE
• Medical term for liver cells

  HEPATOCYTES