Ucsp

• Culture refers to the whole complex of traditional behavior developed by the human race and successively learned by generations (Mead, 1937).

  It encompasses attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, knowledge, laws, norms, and practices.
• The term "culture" was first used by British anthropologist Edward Tylor (1870). He described it as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" The concept of culture has become the central focus of anthropology since his time.
• _YGerman-American anthropologist Franz Boas (1911) was one of the first to speak of "culture" as groups of people. According to Boas, culture may be defined as the totality of the mental and physical reactions and activities that characterize the behavior of individuals composing a social group collectively and individually in relations to their natural environment, to other groups, to members of the group itself, and of each individual to himself/ herself.
• American anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952) affirmed such statement when they claimed that culture consisted of patterns explicit and implici.
• Cultural diversity pertains to the differences in social behaviors that many cultures around the world demonstrate. In the Philippines, cultural diversity is observed through the composition of indigenous peoples and the diversity in culture and the arts.
• The Philippine archipelago is one of the largest island, groups in the world. It is divided into three main island groups that generally correspond to the ethnicity of the human population; namely, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
• Indigenous peoples are a "group of people or homogeneous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who

  have continuously lived as organized community.
• Social stratification depicts an individual's relative social position within a society. Movements within or between social levels impact individuals and groups.
• This is called social mobility, a change in the position within the said social hierarchy. There are two types of social mobility systems: an open system and a closed system.
• An open system exists when a status is achieved through effort or merit, while a closed system is achieved when a status is ascribed from birth.
• Power alludes to the ability of one party to affect the behavior of another, while prestige denotes the reputation

  An illustration of social inequality

  of how individuals are subjectively evaluated by others. Wealth, on the other hand, is associated with education, income, and occupation.
• Major types of social stratisfication:

  • Caste
  • Class
  • Estate
  • Slavery
• Caste - a person's rank, rights and obligations are ascribed upon birth. Country/society is india
• Class - A person's position is determined by achievement.

  Country/society is modern societies.
• Estate - An individual's birth, possessions, and wealth are hereditary and significant in his/her stature. Country/society is medieval europe
• Slavery - A condition in which individuals are owned and controlled by others. Country/society is Ancient greeks, romans, incas, aztecs.
• A government is a body of elected and appointed public officials who sets and administers public policy and exercises authority through customs, institutions, and laws within a state.
• In his work Governance as Theory: Five Propositions (1998), Stoker provided a governance perspective, as well as an organizational framework, to understand the changing processes of governing.
• German professor on Resources Management Claudia Pahl-Wostl (2009) asserted that in establishing governments, it is important that key officials have the knowledge or competence for good governance to exist.
• Anarchy is characterized by a state of disorder because of nonrecognition of authority and laws.
• Robert Axelrod and Robert Keohane

  (1985) maintained that such term refers to a lack of common government in world politics.
• A monarchy is a government that has a single person who is generally considered the ruler by the title and birthright.
• In an absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises absolute Power and wields executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
• in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government and may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader.
• Dictatorship is a type of government controlled by a single individual and wherein the people have little or no individual freedom. A dictator is typically a person who rules by threat or force.
• The two types of dictatorships are authoritarianism, and totalitarianism.
• authoritarianism - where the political actions and decisions of the ruler are not constrained while political rights and freedom of the citizens are significantly limited.
• totalitarianism - where the government uses ideology to captivate the people's loyalty to the leader-dictator.
• Aristocracy is derived from the Greek etymology aristo which means

  "best," and kratia or kratos which means "rule. It is a government ruled by the best members of the community.
• an oligarchy is a government of a wealthy few, but they do not come from nobility like the aristocrats. Oligarchs believe that the most important requisites to claim of power are wealth, good social positions, and education.
• Democracy is a government in which the supreme power is conferred on the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected leaders under a free electoral system. It is derived from the Greek etymology demos which means "people, and kratia or kratos, which means "rule.“
• American cultural anthropologist Alfred Kroeber defines it as

  "the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities."
• cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead reminds us that such discipline "demands the open-mindedness with which one must look and listen, record in astonishment, and wonder at that which one would not have been able to guess“
• Kroeber described Anthropology as "the most humanistic of sciences and the most scientific of the humanities."
• Anthropology has four major fields: Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, and Physical Anthropology.
• 1. Archaeology examines past cultures through tangible remains.
• 1. Cultural Anthropology focuses on the human culture with respect to social structure, language, law, politics, religion, and technology.
• Linguistics is the anthropological study of languages.
• Physical Anthropology deals with understanding the causes of present human diversity.
• The field of Political Science deals with systems of government and political activities in societies.

  This discipline studies theories and practices related to politics, which address pertinent issues on the distribution of power and resources.