Test 1 Review Session

• Sign


  objective and measurable
• Symptom

  Subjective and perceived only to the person affected
• Examples of Signs

  Fever, increased thirst, dark/decreased urine, loss of skin elasticity
• Examples of Symptoms

  Chest pain, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, sticky; dry mouth, irritability
• Types of Signs

  Prognostic, Anamnestic, Diagnostic, Pathognomnic
• Prognostic


  Point to the future, Outcomes for the patient

  Ex. TNM scale, genetic mutations
• Anamnestic 


  Point to the past, Pt's medical history

  Ex. Surgical scars
• Diagnostic


  Help recognize and identify the current problem

  Ex. blood tests
• Pathognomonic 


  Linking a condition with full certainty
• Accessing Pain

  O- onset

  P- provocation

  Q- quality

  R- radiates

  S- severity

  T- time
• Types of Pain

  Sharp

  Dull

  Cramping

  Burning
• ECG 


  Measures serial changes in electrical activity in the heart in various phase of the cardiac cycle
• EEG


  measures electrical activity of brain; brain waves
• EMG


  measures electrical activity of skeletal muscle during contraction and at rest
• NCV

  Nerve conduction velocity
• Endoscopy


  Examine interior of body using rigid or flexible tubular, instruments equipped with lens and light source
• Bronchoscope


  Trachea and major bronchi
• Colonoscopy 


  Colon
• Cytoscope


  Bladder
• Laparoscope


  abdomen
• Ultrasound


  high frequency sound waves transmitted into the body
• Pananicolaou (Pap) Smear


  Cells are removed from cervix using a brush

  identifies abnormal cells in fluids or secretions
• Biopsy 


  Tissue samples obtained for histologic examination to determine abnormal structural and cellular patterns accompanying disease

  liver, kidney, bone marrow

  Associated with cancers
• Barium sulfate 


  Intestinal tract
• Radiopaque oil


  Bronchogram
• Cardiac Catheterization


  Visualizes blood flow through the heart
• Intravenous Pyelogram 


  Urinary Tracts
• Radiopaque Tablets


  Visualizes Gallstones
• Arteriogram 


  visualize blood flow
• X-ray


  directs x-rays through the body tissues

  the beam travels in only one direction
• CT (Computed tomography)


  2D x-ray slices that can be stacked to form a 3D image
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 


  high powered magnet to rearrange the water molecules in the body

  soft tissue resolution
• T1 MRI 


  enhances the signal of fatty tissue

  CSF: very black

  Fat: white

  Grey Matter: dark grey

  White Matter: light grey
• T2 MRI


  enhances the signal of water

  CSF: very white

  Fat: Grey

  Grey Matter: light grey

  White Matter: dark grey
• McBurney's Point

  2/3rd from the umbilical cord to the hip
• Test for Appendicitis


  Rebound Tenderness

  Rovsing's Sign

  Psoas Test

  Heel Tap

  Obturator Test
• DDX for Appendicitis

  Mesenteric adenitis: inflammation of mesentery lymph nodes

  Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder

  Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Triple A)

  Crohn’s disease: ileitis (inflammation of ileum)
• Types of Necrosis

  Dry Gangrene

  Wet gangrene

  Caseous

  Fibrinoid

  Liquefactive

  Gaseous
• Dry gangrene

  gray/black tissue

  can develop into wet gangrene
• Wet gangrene


  greenish white pus

  foul smelling