Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

• DNA Structure includes Pentose, Nitrogenous Base, and Phosphate Group
• Nitrogenous Base is able to undergo tautomerism (rapid conversion between the compound’s isomeric form)
• DNA Replication Stage is semi-conservative meaning the resulting products of the process contains a newly synthesized strand and an original strand
• For DNA Replication to start, it requires a complex enzyme called replisome to make polymerization
• Primers are initial requirements as it provides 3’ OH for the incoming nucleotide to attach to
• Polymerase performs polymerization, primer removal, and proofreading functions
• Single Stranded Binding Protein irons out DNA to prevent complications occuring with single stranded DNA
• Sliding Clamp and Clamp Loaders ensure high processivity of the polymerases
• Helicases disrupt hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands
• Initiation is the start process of DNA replication
• Elongation sustain the process of DNA replication
• Termination stop the process of DNA replication
• RNA Transcription: multitude copies of replicated DNA undergo modifications to produce RNAs to be released outside the nucleus towards the rough endoplasmic reticulum
• All process of DNA replication is the same except on the Step 4 (DNA Polymerase III) onwards
• Pre-Initiation Phase: Preparation of transportation of molecule complex (carrier of RNA to rough ER)
• Initiation: synthesis of RNA from DNA Template
• Elongation: modification of RNA strands
• Termination: stop the process of transcription
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code and carries the genetic information to the ribosomes
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
• Codon is a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases
• AUG is the amino acid for methionine, the start codon
• UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons
• Ribosomal RNA or rRNA is the site of protein synthesis
• The opposite end of Transfer RNA or tRNA has theee nucleotide bases called the anticodon
• RNA Polymerase initiates RNA strand synthesis
• RNA Translation: the anticodon attached to the mRNA is assigned to a specific amino acid for expression
• Initiation: mRNA transcript start codon attaches to ribosomal subunit
• Elongation: tRNA moves into site A and P of the ribosome
• Termination: stop codon which stops the process of translation
• A codon designates an amino acid
• An amino acid may have more than 1 codon
• There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
• Codon is a 3-base sequence on the mRNA that codes for either a specific amino acid or a control word
• The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon