Clinical Introduction to the Respiratory System

• pneumothorax

  
  

  what is pneumothorax symptoms?

  - Sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens when trying to breathe in.

  - Shortness of breath.

  - Bluish skin caused by a lack of oxygen.

  - Fatigue.
• pneumothorax

  
  

  what is pneumothorax?


  A pneumothorax is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity.

  
  

  It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.
• pleurisy

  
  

  what is pleurisy symptoms?


  - a sharp chest pain when breathing deeply.

  - shortness of breath

  - dry cough
• pleurisy

  
  

  what is pleurisy?

  Pleurisy is when the thin lining between your lungs and ribs becomes inflamed.

  - usually caused by a virus, such as the flu virus.
• bronchial carcinoma (cancer)

  
  

  what is bronchial carcinoma (cancer) symptoms?

  - an ache or pain when breathing or coughing

  - persistent breathlessness

  - persistent tiredness or lack of energy.
• bronchial carcinoma (cancer)

  
  

  what is bronchial carcinoma (cancer)?

  tumors originating in the lung parenchyma or within the bronchi.
• pneumoconiosis

  
  

  what is pneumoconiosis symptoms?

  - cough

  - shortness of breath

  - chest tightness.
• pneumoconiosis

  
  

  what is pneumoconiosis ?

  Pneumoconiosis is any lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic or nonorganic airborne dust and fibers. Patients usually encounter these inhalants in the workplace environment, and therefore it is known as an occupational disease
• tuberculosis

  
  

  what is treatment for tuberculosis?

  If an individual has active TB disease they will probably be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12 months.
• tuberculosis

  
  

  how is tuberculosis diagnosed?

  - the TB skin test (TST) and TB blood tests.

  
  

  A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB disease.
• tuberculosis

  
  

  what is tuberculosis symptoms?

  - a persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody.

  - weight loss.

  - night sweats.

  - high temperature (fever)

  - tiredness and fatigue.
• tuberculosis

  
  

  what is postprimary/secondary tuberculosis ?

  After a long period of latency (usually several years after the initial primary infection), secondary tuberculosis occurs.

  
  

  It because of the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection
• tuberculosis

  
  

  what is primary/latent tuberculosis ?

  They are infected with M. tuberculosis, but do not have TB disease.

  
  

  (DO NOT feel sick or have symptoms)
• tuberculosis

  
  

  what is tuberculosis?

  a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
• lung abscesses

  
  

  what are lung abscesses symptoms?

  -Chest pain, especially when you breathe in.

  - Cough.

  - Fatigue.

  - Fever.

  - Loss of appetite.

  - Night sweats.
• lung abscesses

  
  

  what are lung abscesses?


  A lung abscess is a pus-filled cavity in the lung surrounded by inflamed tissue and caused by an infection. A lung abscess is usually caused by bacteria that normally live in the mouth and are inhaled into the lungs.
• pneumonia

  
  

  what are symptoms of pneumonia?

  - a cough - which may be dry, or produce thick yellow, green, brown or blood-stained mucus (phlegm)

  - difficulty breathing - your breathing may be rapid and shallow, and you may feel breathless, even when resting.

  - rapid heartbeat.

  - fever.

  - feeling generally unwell.

  - sweating and shivering.
• pneumonia

  
  

  what is pneumonia ?


  Pneumonia is an infection that inflames your lungs' air sacs (alveoli). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough, fever, chills and trouble breathing
• what are examples of diseases of lung parenchyma?

  - pneumonia

  - lung abscesses

  - tuberculosis

  - pneumoconiosis

  - bronchial carcinoma (cancer)

  - pleurisy

  - pneumothorax
• what are diseases of lung parenchyma?


  diseases in the portion of the lungs involved in gas exchange.
• asbestosis

  
  

  what is asbestosis sysmptoms?


  - shortness of breath

  - persistent cough

  - wheezing

  - extreme tiredness (fatigue)

  - pain in your chest or shoulder
• asbestosis

  
  

  what is asbestosis?

  Asbestosis is a rare but serious lung condition that affects people exposed to asbestos (a building material used from the 1950s to the 1990s). It cannot be cured, but treatment may improve the symptoms
• bronchiectasis

  
  

  what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

  - Coughing up yellow or green mucus daily.

  - Shortness of breath that gets worse during flare-ups.

  - Fatigue, feeling run-down or tired.

  - Fevers and/or chills.

  - Wheezing or whistling sound while you breathe.
• bronchiectasis

  
  

  what is bronchiectasis?

  Bronchiectasis is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection
• cystic fibrosis

  
  

  what are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

  - heavy thick sticky mucus

  - clogging of airways

  
  

  -> patients will have chronic bronchitis symptoms (inflammation and excess mucus and emphysema symptoms (alveolar membrane breakdown)
• cystic fibrosis

  
  

  what is cystic fibrosis?

  Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition that causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system. This causes lung infections and problems with digesting food.
• chronic bronchitis

  
  

  during general anaesthetics, , oxygen is used as a drug carrier.

  
  

  why can a dentist/ doctor not suddenly give a blue bloater/ chronic bronchitis patient an oxygen rich environment?


  these patients have difficulty catching breath, so if oxygen concentration is suddenly increased it could lead to hypoventilation which causes higher carbon dioxide levels and respiratory failure.
• chronic bronchitis

  
  

  what is blue bloaters?


  The term "blue bloater" was used in the past to refer to patients with chronic bronchitis.

  
  

  Doctors referred to these patients as "blue bloaters" because chronic bronchitis can cause severe difficulty breathing and decreased oxygen in the body. This can result in a patient's skin and lips taking on a blueish tint.
• chronic bronchitis

  
  

  what are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

  - a productive cough of more than 3 months occurring within a span of 2 years.

  - cough up mucus

  - wheeze

  - chest discomfort.
• chronic bronchitis

  
  

  what is chronic bronchitis

  Airways are inflamed and narrowed which causes airflow blockage and breathing problems.
• emphysema

  
  

  during general anaesthetics, oxygen is used as a drug carrier.

  
  

  why can a dentist/ doctor not suddenly give a pink puffer/ emphysema patient an oxygen rich environment?

  these patients have decreased oxygen in the body so a sudden increase in oxygen can lead to a loss of drive of breath ( breathing stops )
• emphysema

  
  

  what is pink puffers


  The term "pink puffer" was used in the past to refer to patients with emphysema.

  
  

  Doctors used this term because emphysema causes people to have difficulty catching breath. As a result, patients gaps or take short, fast breaths. This often causes them temporary redness or pink coloring on their cheeks and faces.
• emphysema

  
  

  what are the symptoms of emphysema?

  - breathlessness with exertion, and eventually breathlessness most of the time in advanced disease.

  - susceptibility to chest infections.

  - cough with phlegm production.

  - fatigue.
• emphysema

  
  

  what is Emphysema ?

  Emphysema develops over time and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs).
• asthma - DENTAL RELEVANCE

  
  

  what is a potential negative affect of asthma pumps/ inhalers ?

  Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida.= ORAL THRUSH

  
  

  Caused by lack of inhalation of the drug.

  individual is not breathing heard enough and so overgrowth is imprinted from palate to the tongue.

  
  

  -> a air chamber/ spacer can be used to prevent oral thrush

  ( they waste the biggest droplets of drug that cannot be respired and only allow the tiny droplets through to be respired)
• asthma

  
  

  what are asthma pumps/ inhalers ?

  Asthma inhalers are hand-held, portable devices that deliver medication to your lungs. A variety of asthma inhalers are available to help control asthma symptoms.
• asthma

  
  

  how is asthma managed?

  - education: less/ no smoking

  - regular medication/ therapy (drugs) - via asthma pumps •Adrenergics (𝝱 2 adrenoceptor agonist)

  •Steroids (steroid metered dose inhalors)

  •Theophylline

  •Hydration

  •Mask of O2

  •Anticholinergics

  - avoid allergens

  - exercise
• asthma

  
  

  what is the pathogenesis (development) of asthma?

  - narrowing of airways due to:

  vascular leakage, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus secretions

  
  

  -> the narrowing is mediated by:

  - mast cells

  - lymphocytes
• asthma

  
  

  what is the epidemiology of asthma?

  - Greater than 5% of UK population have asthma

  - more in children (over 10%)

  - More in males than females in childhood

  - equally in males and females in adulthood
• asthma

  
  

  what is the cause of asthma?

  - extrinsic causes (environment- outside person):

  - house dust mites

  - pollen

  - pets

  
  

  intrinsic causes (within person):

  - atopy (genetic tendency)

  - bronchial hyper-reactivity

  (an increase in sensitivity to a wide variety of airway narrowing stimuli)

  
  

  additional causes (extrinsic and intrinsic):

  - exercise

  - cold air

  - pollution

  - stress

  - infection

  - drugs

  - diet