Tulving’s Long Term Memory

• Who proposed the theory of long-term memory?

  Tulving
• What are the two types of memory stores in Tulving's theory?

  Episodic and semantic
• What distinguishes episodic memory from semantic memory?

  Episodic is personal experiences; semantic is general knowledge
• Where are semantic memories processed in the brain?

  Frontal and temporal cortexes
• How are semantic memories characterized in terms of temporal links?

  They have no temporal or personal links
• Why are semantic memories less susceptible to distortion?

  They have a stronger memory trace
• What is necessary for language according to semantic memory?

  Understanding the relationship between words and symbols
• What did Bower's study reveal about semantic memory?

  Meaningful encoding improves recall
• How did Clive Wearing's case support Tulving's theory?

  He had semantic memory but no episodic memory
• What are episodic memories associated with?

  Temporal and spatial links
• How are episodic memories encoded?

  Perceptually, linked to the five senses
• What is autonoetic consciousness?

  The ability to relive memories subjectively
• Why are episodic memories easily distorted?

  They can be influenced by similar information
• What evidence supports the existence of two separate memory stores?

  Dementia patients lose episodic memories first
• What is a weakness of Tulving's theory?

  Difficulty in separating semantic and episodic memories
• How can police improve eyewitness testimony accuracy?

  • Question witnesses soon after the event
  • Use cues like contextual reinstatement
  • Conduct cognitive interviews
• What is an alternate theory to Tulving's model of memory?

  The multi-store model of memory
• How does the multi-store model differ from Tulving's theory?

  It describes a linear process of memory transfer
• What theory developed from Tulving's work?

  The levels of processing theory