Biopsych

• What 6 things does ATP do?

  -drive reactions eg protein synthesis

  -muscle contraction

  -move molecules across gradients

  -transport proteins around the cell

  -move microtubules to allow cells to crawl?
• What do lysosomes do?

  break down molecules for recycling with enzymes
• What is the golgi apparatus?

  Another membrane of the cell which is used for transportation throughout the cell
• What part of the cell folds up proteins and transports them to where they are needed?

  Endoplasmic reticulum
• How do proteins fold?

  Curl up and fold over

  Can form subunits of multiple proteins for more specialisation
• What is translation?

  the decoding of an mRNA message into a protein

  triplets of acgt equals different amino acids
• Explain splicing


  -rna made of exons and introns

  -only exons needed for proteins

  -different combos of exons from one rna/gene can form different proteins
• What is transcription?

  making rna from dna
• What are the 4 stages of making a protein?

  -transcription

  -splicing

  -translation

  -folding
• What 7 types of proteins are there?

  -antibodies

  - structural

  eg collagen

  -contractile (moving)

  -transport eg heamoglobin

  -storage

  -enzymes

  -hormonal eg insulin
• What happens in ribosomes?

  protein synthesis
• What helps maintain the cells shape by criss-crossing the cytoplasm?

  cytoskeleton- made of filaments and tubules
• what is the cytoplasm made from?

  -cytosol (water, ions, small molecules, amino acids, soluble proteins)

  -other cell structure
• What is the cell membrane made out of?

  -coat of phospholiods, with proteins and lipids
• what 5 processes do cells do?

  -make things

  -break things down

  -change membrane voltage

  -secrete/transport things

  -detect things
• what are the 5 jobs cells do

  -detect

  -signal

  -digest, absorb, transport

  -Fight infection

  -moving
• What job do cardiac muscle and other muscle cells do?

  moving
• What job do leukocyte cells do?

  Fight infection
• What do epithelial cells and red blood cells do?

  Digest absorb and transport
• What jobs do neurons and endocrine cells do?

  Signalling
• What job do sensory neurons and pancreatic beta cells do?


  Detect
• Notes on organisation levels

  -organ systems dont act in isolation but regulate between

  -supporting cells- eg not just neurons in the brain but they are the main ones
• What are the levels of organisation?

  Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms