2.2 Matter and Energy

• Element; substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions
• Their are 118 elements in the periodic table
• Atom; the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element
• Parts of atom:

  1. Proton
  2. Electron
  3. Nucleus
  4. Nuetron
• Proton; positive electrical charge
• Electron; negative electrical charge
• Nucleus; made up of protons and neutrons
• Neutron; neutral
• Matter; anything that occupies space and has mass
• Solid; the molecules are arranges in regular, repeating patterns. They are held firmly in place but can vibrate within a limited area
• Liquid; the molecules flow easily around one another. They are kept from flying apart by attractive forces between them. IT assumes the shape of its container
• Gas; the molecules fly in all directions ate great speeds. They are so far apart that the attractive forces between them are insignificant
• Plasma; at the very high temperatures of stars, atoms lose their electrons. The mixture of electrons and nuclei that results is the ____ state of matter.
• Four States of Matter:

  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Gas
  4. Plasma
• Principle of Conservations of Matter:

  Matter is neither created nor destroyed but rather is recycled over and over again
• Energy; ability to do work
• Potential Energy; stored energy that is available for use
• Kinetic Energy; the energy contained in moving objects
• Heat Energy; the energy that can be transferred between objects of different temperature
• Thermodynamics; deals with how energy is transferred in natural processes
• First Law of Thermodynamics:

  Energy is conserved; that is, it is neither created nor destroyed under normal conditions
• Second Law of Thermodynamics:

  With each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work.