Chapter 2: The Self

• What are the two ways of approaching "the self"?

  • self-awareness
  • self-consciousness
• The Emotional Perspective was established by who?

  William James
• The concept of "Things/People become part of yourself through emotional identification" belongs to which psychologist?

  William James
• The Cognitive Perspective was established by who?

  George Mead
• The concept "People are active agents in their social environments (not passive" belongs to which psychologist?

  George Mead
• This psychologist belived that self is NOT something you are born with?

  George Mead
• This psychologist believed that self is constantly changing and updating?

  William James
• "All of the thoughts and feelings that you have about yourself (you treat yourself like an object" falls under?

  Self-Concept
• The self-cencept that is currently accessible and influenced by people, environments, mood, and other factors is?

  *hint: What easily comes to mind about yourself

  Working self-concept
• This term is known as the evaluation of your self-concept?

  Self-esteem
• What are the two motives for processing information about the self?

  • Self-enhancement motive
  • Self-verification motive
• The desire to feel good about the self is best fitted with which term?

  Self-enhancement
• The desire to know the truth about the self is best fitted with which term?

  Self-verification
• The "hot", emotion-driven process?

  *hint: which motive?

  Self-enhancement motive
• The "cold", cognitive, deliberate process?

  *hint: which motive

  Self-verififcation motive
• Which motive lasts longer self-enhancement or self-verification?

  Self-verification
• People who are ___ in private self-consciousness will rethink feedback more (usually leading to worse self-esteem in cases of negative feedback). High or Low?

  High
• Which type of culture promotes the idea that rejecting negative feedback is important and healthy? Individualist or collectivist?

  Individualist
• Which culture tends to be more self-critical? Individualist or collectivist?

  Collectivist
• People with unstable __ self esteem may respond aggressively to negative feedback? Low or High?

  High
• High self esteem does not equal success.
• Two ways that we maintain self-esteem is?

  Social Reflection

  Social Comparison
• Which term is best fitted with "We emphasize connections to successful others"? *hint: "basking in reflected glory" or "cutting off reflected failure"

  Social Reflection
• This is the idea that people tend to disassociate themselves from lower-status individuals because they do not want their reputations affected by associating with the people who are considered failures?

  Cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)
• We compare ourselves to others is associated with which term?

  Social Comparison
• Which type of social comparison makes us feel better about ourselves? *hint: by comparing ourselves to people we feel we are "lower" in status or ability than us.

  Downward comparison
• Which type of social comparison can make us feel worse, but also help us set goals and be more successful? *hint: by comparing ourselves to people we feel are "higher" in status or ability than us.

  Upward Comparison
• Which is the most important self-function? *hint: allows us to delay self-regulation

  Self-regulation
• Which theory of self-regulation compare self to standard (public or private)? *hint: chnage behavior if not meeting standard

  Control Theory
• Our self-concept, physical self and behaviors is associate with which term?

  Actual Self
• Who we wish or want to be is associate with which term?

  Ideal self
• Who we think we SHOULD be is best associated with which term?

  Ought self
• The differences between Ideal and Actual selves leads to? *hint: the terrible 3's

  Disappointment

  Depression

  Dejection
• The difference between Ought and Actual selves leads to? *hint: the double A's and G

  Agitation

  Anxiety

  Guilt
• What helps us achieve our goals and allows us to be more socially appropriate? *hint: the most important self-function

  Self-regulation
• When receiving ___ feedback, individuals motivated by self-enhancement are likely to accept and internalize it readily, as it reinforces their positive self-view. Which term fits the blank spot best?

  Positive
• When receiving ___ feedback, individuals motivated by self-enhancement may be more likely to reject or dismiss it. Which term fits the blank spot best?

  Negative
• When receiving ___ feedback, individuals motivated by self-verification may feel conflicted or skeptical, especially if it contradicts their existing self-concept. They may be more inclined to seek out information or feedback that confirms their pre-existing beliefs about themselves. Which term fits the blank spot best?

  Positive
• When receiving ___ feedback, individuals motivated by self-verification may be more receptive to it, as it aligns with their current self-concept. They may view ___ feedback as more credible and may use it as an opportunity to confirm their existing beliefs about their weaknesses or shortcomings. Which term fits the blank spot best?

  Negative
• What involves the processing of information related to reward, emotion, and motivation? *hint: hot or cold / enhancement or verification

  Hot