Water(Chemistry)

• water has two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom
• hydrophilic means "water loving"
• The solubility of water refers to the ability of substances to dissolve in water
• a solute is the underwhelming component of a mixture or a solute is a substance that gets dissolved
• a solvent is the overwhelming component of a mixture or the substance that does the dissolving
• solute+solvent=solution, how to get solution
• a saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent
• an unsaturated solution is one that can continue to dissolve more solute at that particular temperature
• a supersaturated solution at a particular temperature contains more solute the solvent can dissolve at that particular temperature
• structure of water is based on the valence shell electron pair repulsion theorem(VSEPR)
• (VSEPR) it states that electron pairs in the outermost shell of an atom repel each other, and they arrange themselves in a way that minimizes these reputations.
• water molecules are polar because oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen so there is a partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms
• there are two types of hard water i)tempourarily hard water ii)permanently hard water
• hard water causes problems such as scaling up pipes, reduced flow rate through taps, increased energy consumption due to heating water, damage to appliances like washing machines and dishwashers, and dry skin and hair
• permanently hard water occurs when calcium sulfate or magnesium sulfate forms insoluable compounds with sodium chloride
• temporarly hard water occurs when calcium bicarbonate reacts with carbon dioxide from the air to form insoluble calcium carbonate which precipitates out as limescale
• softening agents used to soften hard water include zeolite, ion exchange resins, reverse osmosis membranes, and distillation
• the most common method used to soften water is ion exchange
• temporarly hard water occurs when calcium carbonate dissolves into solution from limestone rocks