EVO CONT.

• T or F: Evolution by natural selection is an extremely well-supported theory - True
• What is evidence of descent with modification?

  Common ancestry, phylogenetic relationships, ring species, structural & development homology, and molecular homology
• What are Ring Species?

  two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed
• What are homologies?

  Similarities in traits or characteristics between different species that are inherited from a common ancestor
• What is an example of common ancestry homologies?

  The limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats
• What are vestigial organs?

  Organs that have lost their original function through evolution
• What are some examples of vestigial organ?

  appendix, erector pili & body hair, wisdom teeth, and male breast tissue and nipple
• What are atavisms?

  Reappearance of ancestral traits
• What are some examples of Atavisms?

  Hind limbs in whales/dolphin, extra toes in humans & horses, tails on humans, hen's teeth
• What homilies are evident in embryos?

  all vertebrate embryos have pharyngeal pouches in throat - develop into different adult structures (i.e. Gills of fish and eustachian tubes in mammals)
• What are molecular homologies?

  Show relationships between organisms that have no other common anatomy and not all evolution is physical (some are genetic).
• All species have RNA & DNA and certain protein in common
• If a gene hasn't evolved much over time, could be important so changing this gene may lead to drastic results
• Extinction is an example of immutably not being true since it's evidence that organisms have changed thru time (think George's idea about Catastrophism)
• An example of Biogeography is bird & lizards in South America more alike than those from Europe
• Species are more related to those nearby than those with same niche but in another area (i.e. Wild parrots in Miami & London)
• The resemblance of sugar gilders (marsupial mammal) and flying squirrels (placental mammal) have similar niche and habitat (convergent evolution) but aren't related
• What do Archipelagos do?

  provide strong evidence of evolution
• What are endemic species?

  species w/small distributions and most related to species living on nearest mainland
• Why are islands different in Archipelagos but have related species?

  The first mainland species invaded one island and evolve into new as they began to colonize, can be done quickly
• What is Adaptive Radiation?

  One species turn into new species over short amount of time - rapid increase of species with same common ancestor
• What is the law of succession?

  Patterns of fossils (the deeper, the older), descent of fossils that are still alive today, deals with time & space
• What are transitional forms?

  Think of transitional fossil where they change slowly and can be seen thru fossil records
• What is pattern and process for Darwin?

  Pattern: Descent with Mod and Process: Evolution (Natural Selection produced the modifications seen in living and fossil orgs)
• What is a flaw of the "Intelligence design" theory?

  Human evolution & its flaws (i.e. wisdom teeth and joint movement, brow ridges not covering up eyes
• Why did people bred pigeons?

  Artificial selection where they wanted the most extravagant pigeons to show off
• What is one downside of plants resistance to bugs or disease?

  Reduced genetic diversity where if a new bugs or disease occurs then they could all be wiped out