developing drugs

• What is constantly being developed in the pharmaceutical field?

  New drugs
• What must new drugs undergo before being given to the public?

  They must go through a thorough testing procedure
• What are the three main stages in drug testing?

  1. Preclinical testing on human cells and tissues
  2. Testing on animal models for efficacy and toxicity
  3. Clinical trials on human volunteers
• In preclinical testing, where are drugs fastened?

  On human cells and tissues in the lab
• Why can't human cells and tissues be used to test drugs affecting whole body systems?

  Because they do not represent whole body systems
• What is required for testing drugs that affect blood pressure?

  Testing must be done on a whole animal
• What is the purpose of testing on dragon animals?

  To evaluate drug efficacy and toxicity
• What does testing on dragon animals help to find out?

  Drug efficacy, toxicity, and best dosage
• What is the significance of the optimal dose found during testing?

  It is the most effective dose with few side effects
• What happens to drugs that pass the tests on healthy volunteers?

  • They can be tested on patients with conditions
  • They are evaluated for safety and efficacy
  • They may enter the market if successful
• What is the law in Britain regarding new drugs?

  They must be tested on different live mammals
• What do some people believe about testing drugs on animals?

  They believe it is the safest way to ensure drug safety
• What happens if a drug passes all tests on animals?

  It can be tested on human volunteers
• What is the first step in clinical trials?

  Testing the drug on healthy volunteers
• Why are healthy volunteers used in the first step of clinical trials?

  To ensure the drug has no harmful side effects
• What happens at the start of a clinical trial regarding drug dosage?

  A very low dose of the drug is given
• How is the dosage increased during clinical trials?

  The dosage is gradually increased over time
• What happens if the results of the tests on healthy volunteers are good?

  The drugs can be tested on patients
• What is the optimal dose found during testing?

  It is the most effective dose with few side effects
• What is the process of randomization in clinical trials?

  • Patients are randomly assigned to groups
  • One group receives the drug, the other a placebo
  • This helps eliminate bias in results
• What is the purpose of randomization in clinical trials?

  To eliminate bias in results
• What happens to patients in clinical trials?

  They are randomly assigned to two groups
• What is the significance of having one group receive a placebo?

  It helps to compare the drug's effects accurately
• What is the outcome if the drug works well in trials?

  It can be approved for public use
• What is the goal of drug testing on humans?

  To ensure safety and efficacy before market
• How does the testing process ensure drug safety?

  By evaluating effects on both animals and humans
• What are the key considerations in drug testing?

  • Efficacy of the drug
  • Safety and side effects
  • Optimal dosage for effectiveness
• What can drugs be tested on?

  People suffering from illness
• What is the optimal dose of a drug?

  The most effective dose with few side effects
• How are patients assigned in drug testing?

  Randomly into two groups
• What happens to one group in a drug trial?

  They receive the new drug being tested
• What does the other group in a drug trial receive?

  A placebo that mimics the drug
• Why is it important for doctors to see the actual difference in drug effects?

  To monitor the drug's effectiveness
• What do patients expect from the treatment?

  That it will work and improve their condition
• What are clinical trials?

  Studies where patients don't know the treatment
• What do patients not know in a blind trial?

  Whether they are receiving the drug or placebo
• Why might results not be published immediately?

  They need to be reviewed by peers first
• What does peer review ensure?

  The validity and reliability of the research
• What does the placebo effect refer to?

  Improvements due to patient expectations
• What is the significance of the placebo effect in trials?

  It helps distinguish drug effects from expectations