HISTORY

• The Portuguese aimed to end the Arab and Chinese trade monopoly in the Kerala coast.


  They demanded Zamorin the ruler of Kozhikode to expel the Arab merchants from Kozhikode, But Zamorin rejected this demand and this made the Portuguese furious.
• So the portugese sought the help of Kochi, the enemy state of Kozhikode, to gain trade supremacy in Kerala.


  Though the Zamorins' navy under the leadership of Kunhalı Marakkar bravely resisted the Portuguese, they lost.
• The Portuguese, the Dutch, the English and the French were competing each other for trade momopoly in Kerala. 


  The to competion was mainly for black pepper
• Consequently, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Kerala in 1663. 


  But the Dutch were forced to leave Kerala as they were defeated by Marthanda Varma of Travancore with the help of the British in the Battle of Colachel in 1741.
• trouncing the french the british gained the south monopoly of trade
• Captain William Keeling, the representative of the English East India Company, came to Kerala in 1615.


  He visited and signed a trade agreement with the Zamorin of Kozhikode. Later, the company secured the consent to start warehouses at Vizhinjam, Thalassery, and Anchuthengu.
• Gradually, they attained the permission from the Queen of Attingal to build a fort anchuthengu 


  Anchuthengu became an important military centre of the British in the Western coast. The natives were furious when anchuthengu became a British military base.
• In 1721 , the natives killed about 150 Englismen who were on their way to handover gifts to the queen of attingal


  It is know as attingal revolt. It is considered as the first organized revolt against the British in Kerala
• Sreeranga pattanam treaty of 1792 between british and the Mysore rulers, Malabar came under the of british control 


  Kochi raja accepted in 1792 the supremacy of british and was forced to pay tribute
• According to the treaty of 1795 , travancore also admitted the British dominance. 


  In return british promised protection to travancore from its enemies.
• Thus british ruled malabar directly and kochi and travancore indirectly through the subservient samantha rajas


  Whole kerala came under the control of british by the end of eighteenth century
• Keralavarma pazhassi raja of kottayam royal family led the resistance against the British in malabar 


  The British promised pazhassi the right to collect tax from kottayam region as a reward for helping them in the wars against mysore
• The British refused to keep their promise after the triumph in the battle


  British claimed dominance over wayanad
• Pazhassi raja organised people and fought against the British


  He unleashed guerilla war against the British with the help of Chempan Pokker, Kaitheri Ambu Nair, Edachena Kunkan Nair and Thalakkal Chandu
• Pazhassi raja was assualted on 30 November 1805

  1. Chempan Pokker
  2. Kaitheri Ambu Nair
  3. Edachena Kunkan Nair
  4. Thalakkal Chandu


  This is know as pazhassi revolt
• • Veluthambi and paliathachan led the resistance in travancore and kochi


  Veluthambi and paliathachan reacted against the uncontrolled intervention of british in the internal affairs of travancore and kochi
• Veluthampi called for armed fight against the British by kundara proclamation on 11 january 1809


  The armies of travancore and kochi attacked the official residence of the British residence Macaulay
• They could not withstand the British army


  Realising he would be captured, Veluthambi committed suicide on mannadi temple
• The frantic British Army hanged uis body at kannanmula Thiruvananthapuram


  Paliathachan was deported to madras
• Taking the administrative control of Kerala, British could gain Kerala merchandise at cheap price and sell out their industrial produces at high prices


  Keralas self sufficient village economy was destroyed
• Export

  • Coconut
  • Jaggery
  • Cashew-nut
  • Black pepper
  • Arecanut
  • Iron ore


  Import

  • Clothes
  • Kerosene
  • Tobacco
  • Sugar
  • Metal products
• Trade laws that existed in malabar, kochi and travancore were ammended by the British in their favour


  They introduced

  • Unified Coinage
  • Metrology systems and roads, bridge and railways were
• Roads, railways and bridge were built to improve transportation facilities targetting the carriage of goods


  For better trade facilities they developed the ports at kochi, kozhikode and alapuzha
• Changes in the land relations in malabar

  • Local chieftains and land owners were considered as the owners of land
  • The tax they had to pay to the British was pre determined
  • They collected tax in excess and evicted tenants
  • Malabar tenants act of 1929 limited the tenants righ over land
  • It was based on logan commission that was entrusted with inquiring about the mappila uprisings
• Changes in land relations in travancore

  • Started at the time of marthanda varma itself
  • Land of madambis were coverted into pandaramvaka
  • Landmark proclamation in 1865 also granted land ownership to the tenants of the land
  • Janmi-kudian act passed in 1896 also granted ownership to the tenants
  • They had to pay huge taxes 


  Changes in land relation in kochi

  • Tenancy act enacted in 1914
• commercialisation of agricultural sector


  • british made great changes in the pattern of agriculture
  • kerala products were great in demand in foreign markets
  • COFFEE,TEA,CARDAMOM were cultivated in large plantations in hilly areas with the beginning of other crops
  • paddy production declined
  • resulted in food shortage
  • overcome: tapioca cultivation extended to large regions
• commercialisation at malabar


  • teak plantation was started in nilambur under the guidance of conolly
  • most of the plantations were owned by the british
• commercialisation in kochi and travancore

  • rulers of kochi and travancore facilitated transportation and leased out forest lands to british to start estates
  • kerala became a hub of cash crops
• growth of plantation and traditional industries

  • british started plantation with their own capital for processing them and exporting the cash crops
• Tea and coffee factories, as well as rubber processing units, were established in high ranges
• Traditional industries related to coconut, cashew nut, coir, handloom, and beedi were developed
• Oil mills using diesel engines were started in many places in Kerala
• Alappuzha is known as the hub of the coconut oil industry
• In 1859, James Dara from Ireland started a coir factory in Alappuzha
• Cashew nut processing and exporting factories were established in Kollam
• Tile factories were located in Faroke, Kollam, and Olloor
• Handloom industries were prominent in Kannur and Kozhikode
• Beedi industry was centered in Kannur
• RISE OF MODERN INDUSTRIES

  1. Rulers of travancore adopted policies promotin modern industries
  2. brirish provided financial and technical support
  3. pallivasal hydro electric project : developed
  4. punaloor paper mills - kollam
  5. fact kalamassery - ernakulam
  6. kundara ceramic - kollam
  7. rubber works - thiruvananthapuram
  8. tata oil mills - kochi
  9. alagappa textiles mills - kochi
• banks; for accumulating capital and dealing with financial services


  first prvt; negundadi

  then; imperial , chartered and indian national bank