Electricity-Charges and Charging Process

• Electric charge is a physical property of particles or objects that causes them to attract or repel each other without touching.
• An electrical field is a space around a charged particle wherein the particle exerts electrical force.
• Electrical fields are generally represented by arrows.
• When charged particles are close enough to exert force on each other, their electric fields interact.
• When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged called cation.
• When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged called anion.
• Electrons move, but they're not destroyed. This is the law of conservation of charge.
• Polarization occurs whenever electrons within a neutral object move because of the electrical field of a nearby charged objects.
• The process of supplying the electrical charge to an object or losing the electrical charge is called charging.
• Charging by friction happens when an object is rubbed over another object and the the electrons get transferred from one object to another.
• The process of charging the uncharged object by bringing it in contact with another charged object is called charging by conduction.
• The process of charging the uncharged object by bringing another charged object near to it, but not touching it, is called charging by induction.
• Earthing can be defined as the process of protecting against unwarranted spikes and bouts of electricity that can cause damage.
• Grounding is similar to Earthing, which achieves insulation against accidental currents. This is done in case of an accidental cut in the circuit.
• In Earthing, the wire used is green.
• In Grounding, the wire used is black.
• Earthing is used to protect human beings from electric shocks.
• Grounding is used to protect the power system from malfunctioning.