plant cells

• PLANT CELL

  Eukaryotic cells, found in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae which means they have a membrane-bound nucleus.
• PLANT CELL WALL -The rigid outer cover of the plant cell with a major role of protecting the plant cell, giving it, its shape.
• Function of the plant cell wall:
• Provides mechanical protection and shields the cell from the chemically harsh environment, provided by the secondary wall layer
• Semipermeable nature allows the circulation of materials such as water, molecular nutrients, and minerals in and out of the cell
• Forms a rigid building block to stabilize the plant and produce some of its structures
• Serves as a site for the storage of regulatory molecules that detect pathogens in the plant, hindering the development of diseased tissue
• Thin primary walls serve as structural and supportive layers when cell vacuoles are filled with water, exerting turgor pressure on the cell wall to maintain plant stiffness and prevent water loss
• PLANT CYTOSKELETON This is a network of microtubules and filaments that plays a primary role in maintaining the plant cell shape and giving the cell cytoplasm support and maintaining its structural organization.
• Microfilaments - also known as actin filaments, are a meshwork of fibers running parallel to each other. They are the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton with a thickness of 7 nanometers.
• Intermediate filaments - have a diameter of about 8-12 nm; They lie between the actin filaments and the microtubules.
• Microtubules - are hollow tubes of tubulins, with a diameter of 23nm. They are the largest filaments compared to the other two filaments.
• PLANT SKELETON: MICROFILAMENTS Primary role is division of the cell cytoplasm by a mechanism known as cytokinesis, forming two daughter cells.

  They also participate in cytoplasmic streaming, a process of cytosol flow all over the cell, transporting nutrients and cell organelles.
• PLANT SKELETON: INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS Maintaining the cell shape, structural support and retain tension within the cell
• • PLANT SKELETON: MICROTUBULES To transport materials within the cell and they are also used in forming the plant cell, cell wall
• PLANT CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE This is a bilipid membrane that is made up of protein subunits and carbohydrates, with a characteristic semi permeability factor.
• It surrounds the cell cytoplasm, thus enclosing its content.

  PLANT CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE
• 1. The cell membrane separates the cytoplasm from the cell wall.
  2. It has a selective permeability hence it regulates the contents that move in and out of the cell.
  3.  Protects the cell from external damage and provides support and stability to the cell.
  4.  It has embedded proteins which are conjugated with lipids and carbohydrates, used to transport cellular molecules.
• Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that assist in communicating and transporting materials across plant cells.
• CYTOPLASM This is a gel-like matrix lying just below the cell membrane, housing most of the cell organelles.
• Plastids are specialized organelles found specifically in plant and algal cells. They have a double-layered membrane.Involved in manufacturing food for the plant by photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyll pigment in the chloroplast.

  Store food in the form of starch.

  Synthesize fatty acids that produces energy for the cell’s mechanisms.
• FUNCTION OF CHLOROPLAST

  • The chloroplast is the site of food synthesis for plant cells, by a mechanism known as photosynthesis.
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun for photosynthesis.
  • The photosynthesis process converts water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into nutrients for utilization by the plants.
  • Chlorophyll pigment gives plants their green color.
• The central vacuoles are found in the cytoplasmic layer of cells of a variety of different organisms, but larger in the plant cells.
• Mitochondria are also known as chondriosomes, are the power generating organelles of a cell, hence they are commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell.
• What is Mitochondria commonly known as?

  the powerhouse of the cell
• Within the mitochondria, the potential energy in food that is manufactured by photosynthesis is what is used for the metabolisms of the cells.
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM is a continuous network of folded membranous sacs housed in the cell cytosol. It is a complex organelle taking up a sizable part of the cell’s cytosol
• RIBOSOMES Its found in the cell cytoplasm in large numbers and a few of them called functional ribosomes can be found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell chloroplast.
• GOLGI BODIES A complex membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, which is also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus.
• It is a complex membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, which is also known as the?

  Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus
• NUCLEUS The information center of a cell. It is a specialized complex organelle whose primary function is to store the cell’s genetic information.
• NUCLEOLUS is Sub-organelle in the cell nucleus, which lacks a membrane.
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE - the outermost layer of the nucleus.
• The Nuclear envelopes has the inner membrane that has lining of proteins known as what?

  nuclear lamina, binding chromatins, and other nuclear elements
• • NUCLEAR PORES
  • They are perforate the cell envelope and their function is to regulate the passage of cellular molecules such as proteins, histones through into and out of the nucleus and the cytoplasm respectively.
  • They also allow DNA and RNA into the nucleus, providing energy for making up the genetic materials
• • PEROXISOMES
  • Highly dynamic tiny structures that have a single membrane containing enzymes responsible for the production of hydrogen peroxide.
  • Production and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
  • Oxidation and metabolism of fatty acids
  • Metabolizing carbon elements
  • Providing defense mechanisms against pathogens.