Microbiology and Parasitology

• Viruses are infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living organisms.
• Protozoan parasites have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
• Microscopic parasites include bacteria, protozoans, worms, and viruses.
• Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), and viruses are all microorganisms.
• Campylobacter jejuni causes diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pain.
• Salmonellosis can be caused by consuming contaminated poultry or eggs, while campylobacteriosis can result from eating undercooked chicken or contact with infected animals.
• The most common cause of foodborne illness is Salmonella, followed by Campylobacter.
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
• Microorganisms play important roles in various aspects of life, including human health, agriculture, and the environment.
• Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms with cell walls made up of peptidoglycan.
• Helminths, or worms, include flatworms (tapeworms) and roundworms (hookworms).
• Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms with cell walls containing chitin.
• Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer.
• Bacteria are prokaryotes with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound nuclei or other membrane-enclosed structures.
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes Tuberculosis (TB) and Mycobacterium leprae causes Leprosy.
• The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support to the cell.
• Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections such as boils, impetigo, cellulitis, and folliculitis.
• Some microbes live on the skin surface without causing any problems.
• Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by Giardia lamblia, which can cause watery diarrhea, bloating, gas, stomach cramps, fatigue, weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition.
• Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled parasite found in cat feces, soil, raw meat, unwashed fruits/vegetables, and unpasteurized milk products.
• Symptoms of food poisoning include gastroenteritis, dehydration, bloody stools, and severe cases that require hospitalization.
• Parasitology is the branch of biology that deals with parasites, including protozoan parasites like Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria.
• Protozoa are single-celled organisms found in water sources and soil.
• Viruses are nonliving particles that require host cells to replicate and reproduce.
• Parasitology is the branch of biology that deals with parasites, which are organisms that live on or inside other living organisms called hosts.
• Protozoa are unicellular organisms that reproduce through binary fission.
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, mushrooms, and mildews.
• Viruses are nonliving particles composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein.
• Malaria is transmitted through mosquito bites and affects over 200 million people worldwide annually.
• There are two types of parasites: endoparasites, which live within their host's body, and ectoparasites, which live outside the host's body.
• Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes genital warts and cervical cancer.
• The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by destroying immune system cells.
• Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall composed mainly of peptidoglycan.
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require living host cells to replicate.
• Bacteria can be classified based on their shape as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped), or vibrio (curved rod).
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and sinusitis.
• Cocci bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.
• Bacteria can be classified into three main groups based on shape: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).