Correlating risk

• What should you be able to describe by the end of the video?

  Risk factors linked to non-communicable diseases
• What is the focus of the video?

  Determining risk factors for non-communicable diseases
• Why couldn't scientists experiment on humans to find lung cancer causes?

  It would be unethical to do so
• What is the study of disease patterns to determine risk factors called?

  Epidemiology
• What correlation did scientists find regarding lung cancer and smoking?

  Lung cancer is more common among smokers
• How did scientists determine the correlation between smoking and lung cancer?

  By plotting a scatter graph of cigarette consumption
• What does a positive correlation indicate in the context of smoking and lung cancer?

  As smoking increases, lung cancer risk increases
• What does correlation not prove in scientific studies?

  Correlation does not prove causation
• What is a causal mechanism?

  A scientific explanation of how something causes an effect
• What harmful substances in cigarette smoke are linked to cancer?

  Carcinogens
• What conclusion did scientists reach about smoking and lung cancer?

  Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
• What is the potential problem with sampling in epidemiology?

  Samples may not represent the entire population
• Why is it important to take a large and random sample in studies?

  To avoid bias in the results
• What can happen if a sample is biased?

  Results may not be applicable to the whole population
• What are the key points to avoid bias in sampling?

  • Take a large sample size
  • Ensure the sample is random
  • Avoid drawing conclusions from small samples
• Where can you find more questions on correlation and sampling?

  In the provided workbook link
• What should you be able to describe after watching the video?

  Risk factors, sampling, and causal mechanisms
• What are the steps to determine correlation in epidemiology?

  1. Identify potential risk factors
  2. Collect data on lifestyle habits
  3. Plot data on a scatter graph
  4. Analyze the correlation