Filipino

• Kawitihan ng Paksa:

  • Dapat ay likas na napapanahon
  • May mayamang damdaming pantao
  • May kapana-panabik na kasukdulan
  • Naiibang tunggalian
  • May malinaw at maayos na paglalarawan sa mga tauhan at tagpuan
• Sapat na Kagamitan:

  • Mga datos na pagkukunan ng mga pangyayari
• Kakayahang Pansarili:

  • Ang pagpili ng paksa ay naaayon sa kahusayan, hilig, at layunin ng manunulat
• Tiyak na Panahon o Pook:

  • Ang kagandahan ng isang pagsasalaysay ay nakasalalay sa malinaw at masining na paglalarawan ng panahon at pook na pinangyarihan nito
  • Mahalagang iwasan ang labis na paghaba sa panahong sakop ng salaysay at pagbanggit ng napakaraming pook na pinangyarihan ng salaysay
• Kilalanin ang mambabasa:

  • Sumusulat ang tao hindi para lamang sa kaniyang pansariling kasiyahan at kapakinabangan, kundi para sa kaniyang mambabasa
• Mapagkukunan ng Paksa:

  • Sariling Karanasan: Pinakamadali at pinakadetalyadong paraan ng pagsasalaysay ng isang tao
  • Narinig o napakinggan sa iba
  • Napanood: Mga palabas sa sine, telebisyon, dulaang panteatro
  • Likhang-isip
  • Panaginip o Pangarap
  • Nabasa: Mula sa anumang tekstong nabasa kailangang ganap na nauunawaan ang mga pangyayari
• Uri ng Pagsasalaysay:

  • Maikling Kuwento
  • Tulang Pasalaysay
  • Dulang Pandulaan
  • Nobela
  • Anekdota
  • Alamat
  • Talambuhay
  • Kasaysayan
  • Tala ng Paglalakbay (Travelogue)
• Deus Ex Machina


  The incidence where an implausible concept or character is brought into the story in order to resolve the conflict and to bring about a pleasing solution
• Metaphor


  The meaning or identity ascribed to one subject by way of another
• Paradox


  The use of concepts or ideas that are contradictory to one another, yet, when placed together hold significant value on several levels
• Irony

  Playing around with words such that the meaning implied by a sentence or word is actually different from the literal meaning
• Allusion


  A figure of speech whereby the author refers to a subject matter such as a place, event, or literary work by way of passing reference
• Simile


  The practice of drawing comparisons between two unrelated and dissimilar things, people, beings, places, and concepts marked with words "like" or "as"
• Onomatopoeia


  Words whose sounds are close to the sound they are meant to depict
• Symbolism


  A symbol device where the meaning of a greater, often abstract, concept is conveyed with the aid of a more material object or idea being used as an example
• Hyperbole


  A literary device wherein the author uses specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect
• Personification


  The practice of attaching human traits and characteristics to inanimate objects, phenomena, and animals
• Metonymy


  The practice of not using the formal word for an object or subject and instead referring to it by using another word that is intricately linked to the formal
• Chiasmus


  The literary device that involves creating a fracture within a sentence where the two separate parts are distinguishable yet intrinsically linked
• Analogy


  The literary device that helps to establish a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas
• Oxymoron


  The literary device that allows the author to use contradictory, contrasting concepts placed together in a manner that makes sense in a strange and slightly complex way
• Euphemism


  A discreet way of saying something unpleasant without directly using negativity
• Alliteration


  The literary device that uses words in quick succession beginning with letters belonging to the same sound group