Demography

• Reason for decline in births rates?

  • Change in women position - more opportunities ( adoration/marriage ) attudies in family role
  • Fall in infant mortality rate ( IMR)= more kids living = improved housing , sanitation , improved technology
  • Children as an economic liability = more laws for kids nanned - child labour , compulsory
  • Child centredness - childhood being more important for parents ,
• reason for impact of decline birth rates?


  • dependency ratio increases- working population earning support the dependency on tax
  • women have less children reduces ‘ burden of dependency ‘
  • Less kids = women working= dual-earner households public services & policies = less services for children . More for ageing population
• reason for decline in death rate?

  • improved nutrition ( less smoking )
  • medical improvement ( vaccinations , antibodies , NHS ( 1948)
  • Public health improvement ( better housing , clean water , clean air)
  • social change ( decline in manual labour , better knowledge disease )
• reasons for ageing population?

  • average age in uk increasing cuz:
  • increased life expectancy
  • Lower IMR
  • Declining fertility
• impact of ageing population?

  • Increasing strain public service = less for kids more for the ageing
  • More one-person households
  • The rising dependency ratio- low working people then older people increase
• what was In modern society impact ageing population?

  • Phillipson ( Marxist)
  • Thinks the old are no use to captalism
  • As old people are weak and are economically dependent group
  • Increase dependency ratio
• what was In postmodern society impact ageing population?

  • Hunt ( postmodernist )
  • Choose any identity no matter what age- done by consumerism
  • Elderly become market for body maintenance and rejuvenation services and goods eg. Cosmetic surgery and products
• reason for migration?

  • push factors = unemployment , material deprivation , escape form war ,
  • pull factors - more paid jobs , better opportunities, safe place .
• which sociologist are their?

  • Hunt ( postmodernist)
  • Phillipson ( Marxist )
• IMPACT OF MIGRATION?


  • population increases
  • net migration is high
  • higher births to non-uk mothers ?( higher TFR)
  • Decrease dependency ration ( more babies less workers )