week5

• What is the definition of identity according to the study material?

  Our sense of who we are
• Identity is partly defined by our position in a social and cultural system
• What is the term for how we perceive ourselves?

  Self-concept
• Social identity is determined by group memberships
• Who proposed the five senses of self in childhood?

  Ulric Neisser
• Order Neisser's five senses of self in their sequence of development.

  1️⃣ Ecological Self

  2️⃣ Interpersonal Self

  3️⃣ Extended Self

  4️⃣ Private Self

  5️⃣ Conceptual Self
• The ecological self is the earliest sense of self, emerging at birth.
• What does the interpersonal self allow infants to understand?

  Distinction between I and You
• The extended self develops around age 4
• What is the awareness that thoughts, feelings, and experiences are private called?

  Private self
• The conceptual self involves understanding one's roles within a sociocultural context.
• The sense of self develops gradually
• What is another name for the mirror test?

  Rouge test
• Describe the steps of the mirror test methodology.

  1️⃣ Introduce a mirror to the infant

  2️⃣ Place a mark on their face

  3️⃣ Observe their reaction to the reflection
• Most human infants pass the mirror test by age 2.
• Which species of fish was controversially claimed to pass the mirror test in a 2019 study?

  Unknown
• The mirror test is not the only way to measure self-awareness
• This lecture aims to help students appreciate how gender identity develops.
• What is the APA's definition of gender?

  Deeply felt sense of being
• The WHO defines gender as the socially constructed characteristics of men, women, boys, and girls
• Western cultures primarily recognize gender as binary.
• What is the term for a third gender in Polynesia/Samoa?

  Fa’afafine
• What type of categories is sex classified into?

  Chromosomal, natal, hormonal
• Gender may change over time.
• The most common chromosomal sex categories are XX for female and XY
• Which primary sexual characteristics are directly related to reproduction?

  Ovaries and testicles
• Hormonal sex can be changed through hormone replacement therapy.
• Gender identity is the label a person assigns to themselves regarding their gender
• What term describes a person whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth?

  Transgender
• Gender is socially constructed, making its origins difficult to define.
• Twin studies compare monozygotic twins to dizygotic twins
• What is the range of genetic influence on gender identity according to Polderman et al. (2018)?

  11-70%
• Prenatal hormones, especially testosterone, have been shown in animal studies to affect gender role behaviors.
• The fraternal birth order effect suggests that more older brothers increase the chance of being a transgender woman
• What condition results from XY chromosomes but a body that does not process testosterone?

  CAIS
• Non-negative parental responses to gender-nonconforming behavior encourage gender exploration.
• Higher activity levels in girls and lower activity in boys predict gender nonconformity
• What is the term for a third gender in South Asia/India?

  Hijra
• Culture does not determine whether someone identifies as transgender, non-binary, or gender non-conforming.
• Mental health outcomes for gender-diverse individuals depend on the level of cultural acceptance