week6

• What is learning defined as in psychology?

  Acquisition of new behaviours
• Associative learning involves making connections between events and behaviours
• Match the type of innate behaviour with its example:

  Reflex ↔️ Knee-jerk reflex

  Instinct ↔️ Bird migration
• Innate behaviours are learned through experience.

  False
• What is classical conditioning defined as?

  Associating stimuli and events
• An everyday example of classical conditioning involves jumping when you see lightning, anticipating thunder
• What did Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrate?

  Salivation to associated sounds
• In classical conditioning, the type of stimulus matters more than its consistency.

  False
• Order the classical conditioning process according to Pavlov's experiment:

  1️⃣ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) → Unconditioned Response (UCR)

  2️⃣ Neutral Stimulus (NS) + Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) → Unconditioned Response (UCR)

  3️⃣ Conditioned Stimulus (CS) → Conditioned Response (CR)
• Associating a new stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus is called second-order conditioning.
• The Little Albert experiment demonstrated the classical conditioning of fear in humans.
• What is the process called when a conditioned response weakens because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?

  Extinction
• Match the learning concept with its description:

  Habituation ↔️ Ignoring a repeatedly presented stimulus

  Stimulus Generalization ↔️ Responding to similar stimuli
• How do marketers use classical conditioning in advertising?

  Associate products with positive feelings
• Operant conditioning is learning in which behaviour is controlled by its consequences
• Compare classical and operant conditioning by matching their key differences:

  Classical ↔️ Stimulus before response

  Operant ↔️ Stimulus after response
• Who was the first behaviorist to use animals in psychology experiments?

  Edward Thorndike
• The Law of Effect states that behaviours followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
• Skinner's box was used to study classical conditioning in animals.

  False
• What is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  Adding a pleasant stimulus
• Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus
• Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce unwanted behaviour.
• What is shaping in operant conditioning?

  Reinforcing steps to target behaviour
• Primary reinforcers, such as food and water, do not need to be learned
• What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

  Praise
• Continuous reinforcement is best for maintaining established behaviours.

  False
• Match the reinforcement schedule with its effect:

  Fixed Interval ↔️ Moderate response with pauses

  Variable Ratio ↔️ High, steady response rate
• What is latent learning?

  Learning without immediate reinforcement
• Tolman's experiments with rats in mazes demonstrated that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement
• Latent learning becomes evident when reinforcement is introduced.
• What is observational learning?

  Learning by watching others
• Bandura believed that observational learning involves internal mental processes
• Mirror neurons are involved in the process of imitation learning
• What does the saying "Monkey See, Monkey Do" reflect in learning theory?

  Imitation learning
• Toddlers as young as 14 months can imitate actions seen on TV after only 20 seconds of exposure.
• Toddlers learn by imitation, demonstrating that TV can influence behaviour
• What did Albert Bandura believe was essential for observational learning in addition to imitation?

  Internal mental processes
• Order the experimental conditions in Bandura's Bobo Doll study

  1️⃣ Teacher punished for aggression

  2️⃣ Teacher praised for aggression

  3️⃣ Teacher ignored for aggression
• Children who saw the teacher being punished for aggression were less likely to imitate it.
• Observational learning can lead to both prosocial and antisocial behaviour