Genetic

• Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of its parent's genetic material during mitosis.
• Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from a template strand of DNA using ribonucleotide triphosphates (RNTP) as building blocks.
• DNA replication occurs when the two strands separate, allowing new nucleotides to be added to form two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs are the most common type of human genetic variation, with about 10 million SNPs in humans.
• Genes can also influence traits such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to diseases
• The second step is translation, which happens in the cytoplasm.
• Translation occurs at structures called ribosomes, where the mRNA is read in groups of three nucleotides known as codons.
• In eukaryotes, the first step in protein synthesis is transcription, which takes place in the nucleus.
• During translation, mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis, with tRNA molecules carrying amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the sequence of codons on the mRNA.
• The process of transcription is regulated by various factors such as promoter sequences on the DNA that determine where transcription will begin, enhancer elements that can increase or decrease gene expression, and silencer elements that inhibit gene expression.
• The process of transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase, which binds to specific sequences on the DNA called promoter regions.
• During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and exchange segments through crossing over.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs or sperm) with half the number of chromosomes as other body cells.
• Mitotic cells are found throughout the body, including skin, bone marrow, intestinal lining, and hair follicles.
• The majority of polymorphisms are neutral and do not affect the organism, but some can affect gene expression and protein structure, thereby influencing traits.
• Chromosomal abnormalities occur due to errors in chromosome segregation during gamete formation or early embryonic development
• Translation is where mRNA serves as a template for protein assembly by bringing amino acids together according to their sequence on the mRNA.
• There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up proteins.
• Each amino acid has its own specific sequence of three bases that code for it.
• There are only four different types of bases found in DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
• The third step is post-translational modification, which includes folding, processing, and transport of proteins.
• Transcription involves copying the information from one DNA strand into an RNA molecule using complementary base pairing.
• Protein synthesis is important because it allows cells to produce specific proteins that carry out various functions within the cell.
• Transcription involves the formation of an RNA polymerase complex, which binds to specific regions of DNA called promoters and initiates the unwinding of the double helix structure.
• Termination of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence on the DNA, causing it to release the newly formed RNA molecule.
• Protein synthesis begins when a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it directs the assembly of proteins.
• Post-transcriptional modifications include splicing out introns (noncoding segments) from precursor mRNAs, capping of the 5' end of the mRNA with a methylated guanine residue, addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of the mRNA, and editing of certain bases within the mRNA.
• In mitosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase, resulting in two identical daughter cells.