Is matter around us pure?

• A pure substance is one that is made up of only one type of particle

  example- gold, oxygen, hydrogen
• Characteristics of pure substances:

  1. They are homogenous in nature
  2. They have a definite set of properties
  3. They cannot be separated into other kinds of matters by physical processes
• A mixture is a substance which is made up of two or more pure substances mixed together physically.
• Mixtures are also known as Impure substances
• Mixtures are of two types:

  1. Homogeneous
  2. Heterogeneous
• Homogenous mixtures are those mixtures whose composition remains uniform throughout.
• Heterogeneous mixtures are those mixtures whose composition remains non-uniform throughout.
• Salt solution in water, sugar solution in water, vinegar and air are examples of homogenous mixtures
• Blood, milk, soil, coal, mixture of two or more pulses are examples of heterogeneous mixtures
• Elements are a form of matter which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions as they are only made up of one kind of particles.
• examples of elements are- gold, copper, iron etc
• Properties of metals

  1. Metals are malleable.
  2. Metals are sonorous.
  3. Metals are ductile.
  4. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
  5. Metals are lustrous.
• examples of metals are copper, gold, aluminum
• Properties of non-metals:

  1. They are not malleable.
  2. They are not sonorous.
  3. They are not ductile.
  4. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
  5. They are not lustrous.
• Examples of non-metals are oxygen, nitrogen, carbon etc
• Properties of metalloids:

  They have properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.
• examples of metalloids are boron, silicon, arsenic etc
• A compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion.
• examples of compounds are carbon dioxide, water etc
• Properties of compounds:

  1. Elements in a compound combine together chemically in a fixed proportion.
  2. The compounds can be separated into its constituent elements by chemical processes.
  3. Their properties are different from that of its constituent elements.
• A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
• A solution consists of two components namely, solute and solvent
• solute is that component of a solution which is dissolved in the solvent
• solvent is that component of a solution in which the solute in dissolved in.
• Alloys are the mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a non metal that cannot be separated into their components by physical methods.
• Alloys are considered as a mixture because it shows the properties of its constituents and can have a variable composition.
• Solution is of three types namely, pure solution, suspension, and colloids
• A pure solution is a homogenous mixture whose particles are less than 1nm. They do not show tyndall effect. It is always stable and cannot be separated by filteration.
• A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
• Properties of a suspension:

  1. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.
  2. Particles of a suspension are heterogeneous in nature.
  3. Particles of a suspension show Tyndall effect.
  4. The solute particles settle down when a suspension is remained undisturbed.
• A colloid is a mixture in which the particles of a substance are evenly distributed throughout the whole mixture.
• A colloid's particles are larger than that of a solution and smaller than that of a suspension. Thus, they appear to be homogenous but are actually heterogeneous in nature.
• There are two components of a colloid namely, dispersed phase and dispersing medium
• A dispersed phase is the solute like substance which is dissolved in the dispersing medium.
• A dispersing medium is the solvent like substance in which the dispersed phase is dissolved in.
• A Tyndall effect is the scattering of a beam of light by a medium containing suspended particles
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution
• to find the concentration of a solution: mass of solute/ mass of solution x 100
• A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at that particular temperature is called a saturated solution.
• A solution in which more salute can be dissolved in that particular temperature is called an unsaturated solution.