Chapter 7

• How many is the skeletal system composed of ?

  206
• Define Axial Skeleton

  forms body’s longitudinal axis, encases body cavities (to protect underlying organs)
• What does the Axial skeleton consist of

  Skull-22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial bones )

  Vertebral column - 33 bones ; 24 individual vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

  Thoaratic cage -12 pairs of ribs , sternum and part of vertebral column
• Define Appendicular skeleton

  structure primarily suited for movement, support, and muscle attachment
• what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

  Pectoral girdle- calvicle and scapula

  Upper limb- humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

  Pelvic gridle- two pelvic bones and a sacrum

  Lower limb-femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
• Bones have a number of surface features including

  Depression, Openings and Projections
• Bone Markings Define {Depression}

  may provide pathways for blood vessels and nerves, or sites for articulations or joints between bones
• Bone Markings Describe the function {Openings}

  enclose delicate structures and allow them to travel through bones
• Bone Marking Describe the function {Projections}

  provide sites where bones articulate where ligaments and tendons attach
• Provide the description and example for the bone marking for depressions: Facet


  Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate

  Example: rib- articular facet for articulation with a transverse process
• Provide the description in the example for the bone marking depressions:Fossa

  Indentation in a bone into which another Structure fits

  Example: humerus- distal portion with olecranon fossa
• provide the description and example for this bone marking depressions: Fovea


  Shallow pit

  example: femur- Fovea capitis
• provide the description and the example for this bone marking depressions: Groove

  Long indentation along with a narrow structure travels

  Example: rib - costal groove
• Provide the description in the example for this bone marking openings: Canal

  Tunnel through a bone

  Example: Temporal - External acoustic meatus
• Provide the example for this bone marking openings Fissure:

  Narrowly in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones

  Example: Sphenoid - superior orbital fissure
• provide the description in example for this bone marking openings: Foramen


  Hole in a bone

  Example: Frontal - Supraorbital foramen
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Condyle

  Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

  Example: Mandible - Mandibular condyle
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Crest

  Ridge or projection

  Example: Illium - Illiac crest
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections:Head

  Round projection from bones epiphysis

  Example: Humerus - Head
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Tubercle and tuberosity

  Small rounded bone projection; a tuberosity is a large tubercle

  Example: Humerous - Deltoid tuberosity
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Epicondyle


  Small projection usually proximal to a condyle

  Example: Medial epicondyle
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections Process:

  Prominent bony projection

  Example: scapula - Coracoid process
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: spine

  Sharp process
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Protuberance

  Outgrowth from a bone

  Example: Occipital - external occipital protuberance
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Trochanter

  Large projection found only on the femur

  Example: femur - greater trochanter
• provide the description and example for this bone marking projections: Line

  Long, narrow Ridge

  Example: femur - linea aspera
• Name all the bone markings for depressions

  Facet

  Fossa

  Fovea

  Groove
• name all the bone markings for openings

  Canal

  Fissure

  Foramen
• name all the bone markings for projections

  Condyle

  Crest

  Head

  Tubercle and tuberosity

  Epicondyle

  Process

  Spine

  Protuberance

  Tochanter

  Line
• Cranial bones consist of how many

  8
• List the eight cranial bones

  four single bones: frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid

  Two paired bones: temporal, and parietal bones
• facial bones form framework of the face and includes how many bones?

  14
• List of 14 facial bones

  Six paired: maxillary , zygomatic , nasal , lacrimal , palatine , inferior nasal conchal

  Two single : Mandible and vomer
• Define Suture

  Bones of the skull that are fused to one another at immovable joints
• List the major sutures

  Sagittal

  Coronal

  Squamous

  Lamboid
• Many skull bones contain air filled membrane lined spaces called 


  Sinuses
• Grouped with skull bones because of it’s proximity all though it doesn’t articulate with any skull bones (or any other bones)

  Hyoid Bone
• explain the significance of the hyoid bone

  Provides numerous attachment points for muscles involved in swallowing and speech
• Vertebrae column (spine) is composed of an average of

  33 bones
• Vertebrae are classified based on

  Structure and location