GENDER&SOCIETY_PRELIM

• The term "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, while gender is more about social roles.
• Genetalia for female is Vagina and Clitoris, while for male is Penis and Scrotum.
• Chromosomes for female and male.

  Female - XX

  Male - XY
• Hormones for Female and Male.

  Female - Estrogen and Progesterone

  Male - Androgen and Testosterone
• Main categories for Gender are

  Masculine and Feminine
• Gender is influenced by

  Social, cultural, and behavioral factors.
• Boys should not cry
• Girls are bad drivers, while boys are excellent drivers
• Women should be prim and proper. It is okay for men to be unruly. They are men, anyway
• Boys should be prohibited from playing with dolls
• Sex refers to the physiological characteristics which define humans as either male or female
• Sex is considered as the act of reproduction (copulation)
• Sex, in a biological sense, is a category for living beings specifically related to their reproductive functions
• Gender is a taught social behavior frequently linked to one’s sex
• Gender is how males and females relate to one another
• Gender is how individuals perceive themselves and their propensity to act either masculinely or femininely
• Determinants of Sexes:

  • Female:
  • Produces eggs fertilized by another sex
  • Male:
  • Produces sperm cells to fertilize the cell
• A person’s internal sense of being male, female, or another gender is Gender Identity
• • MTF (male to female)
• Common Self-Identity of Transgender People:

  • Drag Queen: (woman-emulating male)
  • Butch lesbian: identifies as female, has love or sexual feelings for other females
  • Femme: a feminine-appearing person
  • Drag King: (male-emulating woman)
  • Intersex: a person born with mixed sexual physiology
  • Transvestite: cross-dresser
  • Transgender: individuals who live as the gender opposite to their anatomical sex
  • Androgyne: a person who identifies neither man nor woman, mixed or neutral
  • Transexual: a person whose sexual character is opposite to their assignment at birth
  • FTM (female to male)
• Gender Role Socialization:

  • Learning and internalizing culturally acceptable ways of feeling, thinking, and acting
  • Affects all parts of one's identity by dictating what is acceptable based on educational background, class, religion, and gender
  • Female and male gender roles develop as a result
• Socialization regulates perception of genders in two ways:

  • External Regulation: Various institutions dictate what is proper and standard on one's identity, affecting how one sees their gender
  • Internalized social control: People police themselves according to society's standards and norms, leading to deviance and exclusion if one deviates from societal norms
• Gender Roles from Theoretical Perspectives:

  • Duties that men and women are expected to fill based on gender and interactions with their surroundings
  • Conflict Perspective: Society serves as a stage for struggles for supremacy and power, promoting gender inequality
  • Structural-Functionalist Perspective: Society comprises interconnected pieces contributing to overall functioning
  • Symbolic Interaction Perspective: Gender roles are learned through socialization, people respond to the meaning they bring to the world around them
• Four Types of Gender Stereotypes:

  • Sex Stereotypes: Characteristics that men and women should possess, including physical and emotional roles
  • Sexual Stereotypes: Assumptions regarding a person's sexuality that reinforce dominant views
  • Sex-role Stereotypes: Roles assigned based on sex and behavior to fulfill these roles
  • Compound Stereotypes: Assumptions about specific groups belonging to a gender
• Gender Issues:

  • Sexism: Prejudice against sex
  • Gender Equality: Acknowledgment that all human beings are free to live in equal conditions and realize their full human potential to contribute to the state and society
  • Equality of sexes visible in public and private spheres and total social participation
• Gender expression is how individuals present themselves through their appearance, clothing, and mannerisms.
• Gender role is the set of expectations that society has regarding what behaviors are appropriate for men and women.
• Gender identity is how we perceive ourselves as men or women based on our own experiences and feelings.
• Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of being male or female.
• Gender norms refer to societal standards and expectations related to masculinity and femininity.
• Simone de Beauvoir argued that women were oppressed because they were considered inferior to men due to their biology.
• Gender stereotype refers to fixed beliefs about characteristics associated with males and females.
• The term "gender" was coined by psychologist John Money in the late 1950s.
• In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud proposed his theory of psychoanalysis, which suggested that gender development occurs during childhood and is shaped by unconscious desires and conflicts.
• Gender equality means treating everyone equally regardless of their gender.
• Sexual orientation refers to who someone is attracted to, regardless of gender.
• Heterosexuality is when one feels attracted to people of the opposite sex.
• Homosexuality is when one feels attracted to people of the same sex.
• Bisexuality involves being sexually attracted to both male and female individuals.
• Cognitive-developmental theories propose that children construct their own understanding of gender based on social cues and experiences.