health unit 🍷🚬🎲🛍️

• what happens to immune system when stressed?


  ability to fight off antigens is reduced, resulting in higher liklihood of picking up infections
• stress and CVD 


  stress can have a negative impact on the heart due to cortisol and adrenaline, narrowing blood arteries
• phagocytes trigger immune system


  lymphocytes attack pathogen and produce antigen
• smoking initiation


  genetic predisposition, dopamine receptors
• conditioned cues


  associating people, places and things with pleasure
• schema


  framework to organise and interpret information
• self medication 


  addiction is seen as relieving current feelings of distress
• negative reinforcement 


  taking away something unpleasant as a result of behaviour
• negative punishment 


  taking away something pleasant as a result of behaviour
• gamblers fallacy


  mistaken belief that one random outcome influences another
• rational choice theory

  gamblers gamble because they make the wrong decisions due to cognitive distortions
• withdrawal (griffith)

  unpleasant feelings when deprived
• conflict (griffith)


  conflict with others without same salience
• relapse (griffith) 


  hard to give up behaviour
• cognitive dissonance 


  individual beliefs/behaviours conflict with each other, leading to mental discomfort so change beliefs/behaviours to lower discomfort to restore balance
• non-adherance 


  not following advice from professionals and justify
• learned helplessness


  when a person constantly fails at changing behaviour, come to believe whatever they do wont be successful
• persuasion 


  process which intentionally influences a persons choice of behaviour or attitude
• need for cognition 


  persons tendency to engage in and enjoy activities that require thinking
• central route


  high quality, detailed reasoned arguements with personal relevance or uncertain on issue
• peripheral route


  grabs attention from factors and unlikely to give message much thought
• continuous reinforcement 


  when behaviour was reinforced everytime it was performed, the behaviour was repeated more successfully, learning quickly
• variable ratio


  when the behaviour is only rewarded unpredictably, then the behaviour took longer to learn but once learned, was very resistant to exinction
• benzodiazepines (BZ)


  anti-anxiety medication, increases action in GABA in the body to reduce activity of other neurotransmitters, thus reducing arousal, anxiety and insomnia
• beta blockers


  reduce physiological arousal whilst stabilising the heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels by blocking the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline
• social support 


  instrumental - practically helping. emotional - offering comfort. self esteem - boosting someone's esteem belief
• adherence 


  following the advice of health professionals
• non-adherence 


  not following the advice from health professionals so health will decline further
• rational non-adherence 


  deliberate choice of not following advice from health professionals, believing it justifies choice
• lack of understanding


  understanding of medical advice increases adherence. use of medical jargon leads to non-adherence
• patient practitioner relationship


  if an individual doesn't feel supported by doctor, they are less likely to comply to advice. practitioners should nurture positive relationship with patient, educate them and schedule appointments at convenient times
• antidepressants


  those who are prescribed for depression, OCD, PTSD and anxiety do not use their medication correctly so don't benefit from the treatment and are more likely to relapse
• aversive 


  these drugs produce unpleasant consequences working with counter conditioning a behaviour, replacing pleasant to unpleasant associations
• agonist drugs


  these drugs act as substitutes so less harmful chemicals can be released and a lower amount of the substance the individual is addicted to that still bind to receptors to create similar effects
• antagonist drugs


  these drugs block the neural receptors, thus preventing the drug addiction from having its usual effects