Plant kingdom

• Bryophytes

  Algae

  Pteridophytes

  Angiosperm

  Gymnosperms
• Tissue - group of similar or dissimilar cells working together to perform specific function.
• Cell - the basic unit of life that performs all functions necessary to keep an organism alive.
• Plant body is made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
• Organelle - specialized structure within a cell that has a particular function
• Meristematic tissue - undifferentiated, capable of cell division
• Apical meristems - located at the tips of roots and shoots
• Lateral meristems - found between xylem and phloem tissues
• Meristematic tissue - undifferentiated cells capable of dividing into new cells.
• Meristematic tissue - undifferentiated cells capable of cell division and differentiation into other types of cells.
• Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and produce new cells as the plant grows.
• Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis
• Lateral meristems are found between the vascular bundles in stems and leaves and produce additional layers of cells around the stem and leaf.
• Vacuole - stores water, nutrients and waste products
• Apical meristems - located at tips of roots and shoots; responsible for growth
• Lateral meristems - found between xylem and phloem; responsible for secondary growth (thickening)
• Lateral meristems - found between xylem and phloem in stems and roots
• Permanent Tissue - differentiated cells with specific functions.
• Permanent tissues - differentiated into specific types of cells with distinct structures and functions
• Epidermis - outermost layer of plant cells protecting against water loss and pathogens.
• Lateral meristems are found between xylem and phloem tissues and contribute to secondary growth.
• Cortex - middle layer of parenchyma cells providing support to the epidermis.
• Epidermis - single-layered dermal tissue composed of epidermal cells
• Apical meristems are responsible for growth at the tips of roots and shoots.
• The epidermis is the outermost layer of plant cells and provides protection against water loss and pathogens.
• Vacuole - stores water, nutrients, waste products, and pigments
• Cell wall - provides support and protection to the cell
• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the plant body that protects against water loss and pathogens.
• Nucleus - contains genetic material (DNA) that controls cell activities
• Intercalary meristems are found within mature parts of plants such as internodes (stems) and petioles (leaves), and they can continue to grow throughout the life of the plant.
• Cambium is a type of lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem tissues in woody plants.
• Lateral meristems - found between vascular bundles in stems and leaves; responsible for producing additional layers of cells
• Root hair cell - absorbs minerals from soil
• Secondary growth occurs when cambium divides to form new cells, resulting in an increase in girth or diameter of the plant.
• Palisade mesophyll cell - contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• Parenchyma - general-purpose cells that can perform various functions such as storage or support
• Xylem - transports water and mineral salts upwards through plant
• Guard cell - controls gas exchange through stomata
• Collenchyma - provides mechanical strength to plants by forming thick walls made up of cellulose fibers
• Phloem - transports sugars downward through plant