surgery

• What are Halsted's Principles in surgery?

  Asepsis, Gentle handling, Supply, Haemostasis, Dead space, Tension, Closure, Debridement
• Who is Halsted and what is he known for?

  Pioneering surgeon responsible for major innovations
• What surgical procedure did Halsted first perform?

  First radical mastectomy
• What is the purpose of nerve blocks in surgery?

  To help reduce pain during procedures
• What is defined as strict asepsis?

  Absence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue
• How is strict asepsis accomplished?

  Aseptic preparation, sterilisation, careful draping
• What are the steps for preparing the patient's skin for surgery?

  1. Chlorhexidine surgical scrub
  2. Alcohol application
  3. Alcohol/chlorohexidine solution for final prep
  4. Clip all hair off surgical site
• What are the methods of sterilisation for surgical instruments?

  Steam, dry heat, gas, radiation, chemical
• What is the aim of a surgical hand scrub?

  To remove micro-organisms from hands and arms
• How long should a surgical hand scrub take?

  Approximately 5 minutes
• What is the importance of gentle tissue handling during surgery?

  • Prevents swelling and inflammation
  • Reduces post-operative pain
  • Maintains tissue hydration
• How can blood supply be preserved during surgery?

  By careful dissection and knowing anatomy
• Why is adequate haemostasis vital in surgery?

  Uncontrolled haemorrhage is life-threatening
• What methods achieve haemostasis during surgery?

  Ligation, electrosurgery, haemostatic forceps
• How can dead space be eliminated in surgery?

  • Good tissue apposition
  • Pressure bandages
  • Use of sutures
  • Active and passive drains
• What is the consequence of excessive tension during suturing?

  Can cause crushing and pressure necrosis
• What is the purpose of wound closure?

  To bring edges together for healing
• What are the types of debridement in surgery?

  • Layer debridement: from surface to deeper tissues
  • En bloc debridement: complete excision leaving healthy tissue
• What is a common surgical procedure for females?

  Ovariohysterectomy (Spay)
• What is a common surgical procedure for males?

  Orchiectomy (Castration)
• What is gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)?

  Acute emergency in large deep-chested breeds
• What is the mortality rate for GDV?

  10-25%
• What is a common emergency surgical procedure?

  Caesarean section
• What is a common orthopaedic surgical procedure?

  Fracture repairs
• What are the common surgical procedures listed?

  • Ovariohysterectomy (Spay)
  • Orchiectomy (Castration)
  • Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)
  • Caesarean section
  • Foreign body surgery
  • Fracture repairs