Formation

• destructive plate margin

  A) destructive

  B) oceanic

  C) convection currents

  D) subduction zone

  E) fold mountains

  F) magma chamber

  G) continental plate

  H) volcano

  
• tectonic hazard - conservative plate boundary

  A) epicenter

  B) focus

  C) conservative

  
• tectonic hazard - constructive plate boundary

  A) constructive

  B) shield volcano

  C) oceanic plate

  D) oceanic plate

  E) convection currents

  
• weather hazard - tropical storm

  A) warm ocean

  B) air drawn into center of storm

  C) evaporation

  D) warm air rises and cools

  E) air condenses forming clouds

  
• rivers - waterfall - upper course

  A) waterfall

  B) waterfall retreats

  C) hard rock

  D) soft rock

  E) rock is undercut

  F) collapsed sediment

  G) plunge pool

  
• rivers - interlocking spurs - upper course

  A) interlocking spurs

  B) v shaped valley

  C) interlocking spurs

  D) interlocking spurs

  E) interlocking spurs

  
• rivers - meander - upper course

  A) meander

  B) outside bend

  C) inside bend

  D) outside bend

  E) inside bend

  
• rivers - meander - middle course

  A) inside bend

  B) outside bend

  C) river cliff

  D) slip off slope

  E) suspended material

  
• rivers - oxbow lakes - middle course

  A) oxbow lake

  B) deposition

  C) fastest flow

  D) river cliff

  E) narrow neck

  F) cuts through

  
• rivers - floodplains - lower course

  A) floodplains

  B) channel

  C) levees

  
• rivers - estuary - lower course

  A) estuary

  B) river

  C) highside tea

  D) vegetation on mudflaps

  E) saltmarshes

  
• rivers - levees - lower course

  A) levees

  B) flood water

  C) thick, heavy sediment

  D) finer sediment

  
• coasts - wave cut platform

  A) wave cut platform

  B) old cliff

  C) high tide

  D) low tide

  E) weathering

  F) wave cut notch

  G) wave cut platform

  H) undercut

  
• coasts - headlands and bays

  A) headlands and bays

  B) bay - soft rock

  C) headland - hard rock

  D) headland - hard rock

  E) old soft rock line

  F) sea

  
• coasts - crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

  A) crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

  B) crack

  C) cave

  D) arch

  E) stack

  F) stump

  
• coasts - sand dune

  A) sand dune

  B) climax community

  C) yellow dune

  D) foredune

  E) grey dune

  F) embryo dune

  G) sea

  
• coasts - spit

  A) spit

  B) saltmarsh

  C) river

  D) prevailing wind

  E) longshore drift

  F) second prevailing wind direction

  
• destructive plate boundary:

  1. due to convection currents in the mantle, 2 plates converge together
  2. the oceanic plate is denser and subducts beneath the continental plate
  3. oceanic plate is pulled further by slab pull
  4. plates stick and pressure builds up, as tremors are sent out through the crust as an earthquake
  5. the plate melts in the magma due to heat and friction
  6. creates a magma reservoir, leading to a composite cone volcano
• destructing plate boundary:

  • composite cone volcano
  • fold mountains
  • shield volcanoes
• constructive plate boundary:

  1. due to convection currents, 2 plates are diverging
  2. magma rises from the middle to fill the cap created and solidifies as it reaches the top
  3. the magma is not rising under pressure so shield volcanoes form
  4. new land called ocean ridges form under the water
  5. small earthquakes due to upward movement of magma
• constructive plate boundary :

  • shield volcanoes
  • fold mountains
  • earthquakes
• conservative plate boundary:

  1. due to convection currents, plates move at a different speed
  2. as the plates move, friction occurs and the plate becomes stuck - pressures builds up as an earthquake
  3. earthquakes can cause destruction as they are close to earths surface
  4. no volcanoes
• conservative plate boundary:

  • earthquakes
• tropical storms:

  1. upward movement of air draws water vapor up from ocean
  2. evaporated air cools, condenses and forms clouds
  3. as it condenses, it releases heat, which powers the storm, drawing up more water
  4. small thunderstorms gather together to form a larger spinning storm - if faster than 75 mph called a tropical storm
  5. storm develops an eye at the center, air descends rapidly - outer eye is where winds are the fastest
  6. loses energy when reaches land due to friction and loss of energy source
• waterfall:

  1. water flows over hard and soft rock
  2. it erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock by hydraulic action
  3. creates in the river which increases over time to form a large drop. A plunge pool is formed at the base
  4. the splash-back from the water falling from a height and hydraulic action undercuts forming an overhang
  5. overhang becomes unsupported and collapses into plunge pool
  6. waterfall retreats forming a steep sided gorge
• interlocking spurs:

  1. near the source, rivers are small and do not have enough power so they erode vertical erosion
  2. water flows round bands of hard rock which is more resistant
  3. water erodes by hydraulic action
  4. as the water erodes around the hard rock it forms interlocking spurs
• meander:

  1. a meander is a curve or bend in a river formed by lateral erosion
  2. water flows fastest on the outside bend - channel is deeper here and there is less friction so high velocity - river cliff is formed by high rates of erosion
  3. on the inside bend there are high rates of deposition on the slip off slope
  4. meanders migrate over the flood plane as erosion continues to occur
• oxbow lakes:

  1. erosion occurs on the outside bend of the river through hydraulic action
  2. as erosion and deposition continue, the meander starts to move across its floodplains and the gap between the 2 bends start to close, a narrow neck separates land
  3. in high flow, erosion causes the neck to break completely
  4. deposition at the old neck of the meander occurs where water moves slower
  5. over time vegetation forms, old meander bend gets completely cut off
  6. oxbow lake dries out as no supply of water
• floodplains:

  1. the flat area next to the river channel
  2. heavier sediment is deposited first due to increased friction and drop in velocity
  3. the finer, lighter sediment is carried further across the flood plain and deposited
  4. overtime, sediment builds up in layers
• estuary:

  1. estuaries are formed at the end of the river where the river meet the sea at its mouth
  2. as the river approaches the sea, they have the energy to carry large amount of fine suspension
  3. during high tide, the mouth of rivers with estuaries flooded the sea
  4. the high tide flows the velocity and river loses energy
  5. overtime the fine material is deposited and builds up
  6. becomes mudflats which can become salt marshes
• levees :

  1. the river must flood for them to form
  2. the river loses energy as it flows over the channel, so deposition occurs
  3. the heavier sediments are deposited first
  4. lighter sediment is carried further away and deposited
  5. however when a river does flood, levees can prevent water getting back into the river
• wave cut platform:

  1. waves hit the base of a cliff at high tide and erode by hydraulic action - forms a wave cut notch
  2. the cliff above is eroded through weathering and eventually becomes unstable and collapses due to notch
  3. collapsed material erodes the wave cut platform by abrasion making it smooth, only visible in low tide
  4. process repeats as cliff retreats
• headlands and bays:

  1. coasts are made from soft boulder clay that erodes faster, and harder limestone clay that erodes much slower
  2. the bay forms from the section of soft rock being eroded
  3. the headland is the area of hard rock that does not get eroded
  4. the waves refract at a headland and deposition happens, building the beach
• crack, cave, arch, stack, stump:

  1. waves attack at a weakness in headland forming a crack
  2. hydraulic action hits the crack, causing it to widen into a cave
  3. over time, hydraulic action, abrasion and solution causes the cave to be worn through
  4. weathering from the top causes the arch to collapse, leaving a stack
  5. continued erosion of stack turns into a stump
• beach:

  1. beaches are made up from eroded materials that have been transported and deposited by sea
  2. the wave energy after refracting around a head land leaves low energy so deposition occurs
  3. due to the prevailing wind direction, waves move onto the wash at an angle (swash) and retreat at 90 degrees (backwash)
  4. this is repeated, called long shore drift
  5. destructive waves make the beach smaller
  6. constructive waves make it build up
• Sand dune:

  1. sand is blown inland by the wind and gathers behind an obstacle
  2. as this sand builds up pioneer species colonize and stabilize the soil
  3. this continues as an embryo dune, then into a grey dune, then into fore dune and then yellow dune as more plants emerge
  4. as the plants die they add nutrients to the soil which encourages the growth of vegetation
  5. eventually climax community is reached where u see shrubs, mosses and soil develops
• spit:

  1. prevailing wind direction directs the waves to the beach
  2. process of long shore drift occurs
  3. eventually the coastline changes direction but LSD continues to deposit material
  4. second prevailing wind direction causes spit to become hooked
  5. increase shelter from spit and low velocity causes salt marsh to form behind the spit