weak topics!!

• What is an active site?

  Part of an enzyme that fits the substrate
• What must happen for enzymes to work?

  The substrate must fit onto the active site
• What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into?

  Simple sugars
• What do proteases convert proteins into?

  Amino acids
• What do lipases convert lipids into?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• What catalyses the breakdown of food?

  Enzymes
• What enzyme do salivary glands produce?

  Amylase
• What enzyme does the stomach produce?

  Pepsin
• What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

  Provides correct pH for protease and kills bacteria
• What does the pancreas produce?

  Protease, amylase, and lipase
• Where are digestive enzymes released?

  Into the small intestine
• What happens in the large intestine?

  Excess water is absorbed from food
• What does bile do?

  Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of protein molecules
• What is the role of xylem in plants?

  To transport water and minerals upwards
• What are vessels in the xylem?

  Specialised cells that form hollow tubes
• What strengthens xylem vessels?

  Lignin
• How does transport in the xylem occur?

  It is a physical process that requires no energy
• What does phloem transport?

  Food substances produced by photosynthesis
• What is translocation in plants?

  Transport of substances in the phloem
• What are sieve tubes in phloem?

  Specialised for transport with no nuclei
• What is the role of companion cells in phloem?

  Provide energy for transport in sieve tubes
• Compare transport in xylem and phloem.

  Xylem:

  • Physical process
  • Transports water and minerals
  • Upwards direction

  
  

  Phloem:

  • Requires energy
  • Transports products of photosynthesis
  • Upwards and downwards direction
• What is the process of mitosis?

  Chromosomes line up and are pulled apart
• What happens to the chromosomes during mitosis?

  They are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
• What forms around the sets of chromosomes after they are pulled apart?

  Membranes form to create nuclei
• What is the outcome of mitosis?

  Two new daughter cells with identical DNA
• Where are the lungs located?

  In the thorax
• What separates the thorax from the lower part of the body?

  The diaphragm
• What protects the lungs?

  The ribcage
• What is the function of the pleural membranes?

  They surround and protect the lungs
• What does the air you breathe in pass through?

  The trachea
• What do the bronchi split into?

  Progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles
• Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

  In the alveoli
• What are alveoli surrounded by?

  A network of blood capillaries
• What happens to the blood passing next to the alveoli?

  It contains a lot of carbon dioxide
• What diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood?

  Oxygen
• What diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli?

  Carbon dioxide
• What happens to oxygen when blood reaches body cells?

  It diffuses into the body cells
• What happens to carbon dioxide in body cells?

  It diffuses into the blood