Memory - A-Level Psychology AQA

• Who did research on coding?

  Baddeley
• What do we call the format in which information is stored in various memory stores?

  Coding
• Who did research on coding?

  Baddeley
• What did Baddeley give his participants in his coding research?

  Lists of words
• What were the four types of word list in Baddeley?

  Acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar
• What words did the participants find hardest to remember when Baddeley asked them to recall immediately?

  Acoustically similar words
• Which type of words did the participants do worst in when Baddeley asked them to recall them after 20 minutes?

  Semantically similar
• What does Baddeley‘s research suggest about how information is coded in STM?

  It is acoustic
• What does Baddeley’s research suggest about how information is coded in long term memory?

  It is semantic
• What does Baddeley’s research demonstrate about the STM and the LTM?

  There is a clear difference
• What is a problem with the materials used in Baddeley‘s coding research?

  They are artificial
• What do we call the amount of information that can be held in each memory store?

  Capacity
• Who did research on capacity?

  Jacobs and Miller
• What did Jacobs measure to research capacity of STM?

  Digit span
• What was the procedure of Jacobs’ study?

  Researcher reads out digits and asks participant to

  repeat, adding one digit each time until the participant

  can no longer recall the sequence
• What did Jacobs find was the mean digit span for items?

  9.3
• What is a strength of Jacobs research on capacity?

  It is reliable and has been replicated by Bopp

  and Verhaeghen
• What is a limitation of Jacobs research on capacity?

  It may have had confounding variables like being distracted
• How did Miller research capacity?

  Made observations of everyday practice
• What did Miller find that things come in?

  7s
• What did Miller refer to as grouping sets of digits or letters

  into units or chunks?

  Chunking
• What is a limitation of Miller‘s research?

  He may have overestimated STM capacity as Cowan reviewed other research and concluded that the capacity of STM is 4+-1 chunks
• What do we call how long information can be stored in each memory store?

  Duration
• Who studied duration?

  Peterson & Peterson and Bahrick et al
• What was the sample for Peterson and Peterson?

  24 students in eight trials each
• What was each student given in Peterson and Peterson’s study?

  A consonant syllable and a three digit number
• Why were the students in Peterson and Peterson asked to count back from the three-digit number?

  To prevent mental rehearsal of the consonant syllable so the duration wouldn’t increase
• What was the recall in Peterson and Peterson when asked to stop counting backwards after 3 seconds?

  80%
• What was the recall in Peterson and Peterson when asked to stop counting backwards after 18 seconds?

  3%
• What did Peterson and Peterson conclude the duration of STM was unless verbal rehearsal is being used?

  18 seconds
• What is a limitation of Peterson and Peterson’s study?

  It used artificial stimuli so lacks external validity
• What was the sample for Bahrick et al?

  392 Americans
• What materials were obtained in Bahrick et al?

  High-school yearbooks
• What were the two ways Bahrick et al tested recall?

  Photo-recognition and free recall
• How accurate were participants in Bahrick et al tested within 15 years of graduation in photo recognition?

  90%
• How accurate were participants in Bahrick et al tested within 48 years of graduation in photo recognition?


  70%
• How accurate were participants in Bahrick et al tested within 15 years of graduation in free recall?


  60%
• How accurate were participants in Bahrick et al tested within 48 years of graduation in free recall?


  30%
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al?

  High external validity as the information was applicable
• Who made the idea of a multi-store model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin