confident

• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease that can easily spread
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• How are some protists transferred to other organisms?

  By a vector that carries them
• What are the three ways pathogens can be spread?

  Water, air, direct contact
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  Through sexual contact or bodily fluids
• What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How does the tobacco mosaic virus affect plant growth?

  Reduces photosynthesis efficiency
• What causes malaria?

  A protist
• What role do mosquitoes play in malaria transmission?

  They are vectors that spread the protist
• What symptoms does malaria cause?

  Repeating episodes of fever
• How can people protect themselves from malaria?

  Using insecticides and mosquito nets
• What is salmonella?

  A type of bacteria causing food poisoning
• What symptoms does salmonella cause?

  Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How can salmonella be contracted?

  By eating contaminated food
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted bacterial disease
• What symptoms does gonorrhoea cause?

  Pain during urination and discharge
• How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

  Using antibiotics and barrier methods
• How do hairs and mucus in the nose help prevent disease?

  They trap particles that may contain pathogens
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting foreign cells
• How do white blood cells produce antibodies?

  By recognizing unique antigens on pathogens
• What happens if the same pathogen infects a person again?

  The body produces antibodies rapidly
• What do antitoxins do?

  Counteract toxins produced by bacteria
• How do vaccinations work?

  • Inject small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens
  • Stimulates antibody production
  • Prepares the immune system for future infections
• Where do many drugs originally come from?

  Plants
• What are the steps in developing drugs?

  1. Preclinical testing on human cells
  2. Testing on live animals for efficacy and safety
  3. Clinical trials on human volunteers
• What is the purpose of testing drugs on healthy volunteers?

  To check for harmful side effects
• What is the placebo effect?

  Patients may feel better without the drug
• Why do both doctors and patients not know who has the real drug in trials?

  To prevent bias in results
• Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease.
• the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population
• What is the main function of the immune system?

  To protect against pathogens
• What happens when the skin is damaged?

  Pathogens can invade the body
• How do pathogens affect the body?

  They multiply and damage healthy tissue
• What are toxins?

  Chemicals released by bacteria
• What are the two main functions of the immune system?

  Destroys pathogens and protects against future infections
• What type of cells are involved in the immune system?

  White blood cells
• What is the first function of white blood cells?

  Ingest and destroy pathogens
• What does the term "ingest" mean in the context of white blood cells?

  To take in pathogens
• What is the process called when white blood cells destroy pathogens?

  Phagocytosis