CASES

• R v White


  This asks whether, “but for” the actions of the defendant, the consequence would have occurred.
• Kimsey


  More than a slight or trifling link.
• Roberts

  Daft and unexpected.
• Cheshire

  Render the Defendant’s contribution insignificant.
• R v Blaue

  Thin skull rule - The Defendant must “take the victim as he finds them” and will be responsible for the full extent of harm.
• Gibbins and Proctor 


  A duty of a special relationship.
• Stone and Dobinson (1977) 


  A duty because of an assumption of responsibility.
• R v Miller (1983)


  A duty because of a dangerous situation/ chain of events.
• R v Pittwood (1902)

  A contractual duty.
• S.1 Children and Young Persons Act 1933

  A statutory duty.
• S.14 Road Traffic Act 1988

  Failure to wear a seatbelt.
• Hill v Baxter (1958)

  Actus Reus must be voluntary.
• R v Jordon

  ‘palpably wrong’