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Geography
Paper 1
Transatlantic pipeline
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Cards (117)
What is Alaska often referred to as?
The Frozen Frontier
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What major event in 1973 increased the demand for Alaskan oil?
The
oil shortage
gas crisis
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What was the solution to the oil crisis in Alaska?
A pipeline across
800 miles
of wilderness
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What challenges did the Alaskan oil pipeline face?
Hostile terrain and
extreme
temperatures
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At what temperature does exposed flesh freeze in Alaska?
75°
below zero
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How quickly can fingers freeze in extreme cold?
In only
90 seconds
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What did an Arctic explorer describe about the cold?
It sank through the skin,
freezing
flesh
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Which two oil companies discovered the largest oil field in North America?
Exxon
and
Atlantic Richfield
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How much oil was discovered beneath Prudhoe Bay?
Close to
10 billion
barrels
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What was the public's reaction to the environmental issues during the oil discovery?
They rallied for environmental
protection
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What significant event occurred on Earth Day?
20 million
people demonstrated
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What did the Environmental Protection Agency aim to do?
Protect the environment from
offenders
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What was the proposed length of the Alaskan oil pipeline?
800 miles
long
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How did environmentalists respond to the pipeline project?
They vowed to
halt
the project
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What was the diameter of the pipeline planned for construction?
48
inches
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What was the estimated cost of the pipeline construction?
Over
9 billion
dollars
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What legal act set standards for environmental projects?
The National Environmental Protection Act (
NEPA
)
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How did the oil companies react to environmental opposition?
They formed
partnerships
to share costs
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What was the original price paid by the U.S. for Alaska?
7.2 million dollars
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How much land did the purchase of Alaska cost per acre?
2 cents
per acre
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What was the economic impact of Alaska's resources by the turn of the century?
Money flowed back to
America
from resources
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How did the discovery of gold in Alaska affect its economy?
It led to over
300 million dollars
extracted
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What was Edwin Drake known for in the oil industry?
Drilling the
first
modern oil well
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What technique did Edwin Drake use to drill for oil?
A
water
drilling
technique
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What was the initial use of oil before the invention of the combustion engine?
Lighting lamps with
kerosene
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How did the railroads impact the oil industry?
They enabled the first oil
pipeline
construction
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What was the purpose of the Big Inch pipeline?
To deliver fuel to
warships
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How did the automobile industry affect oil consumption?
It
significantly
increased
oil demand
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What was the relationship between the economy and the oil industry in the 1960s?
They grew together at a 1:1
ratio
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What was the impact of the Federal Highway Act initiated by President Eisenhower?
It linked
America
with modern roads
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What was the primary source of oil for Americans in the late 1960s?
Foreign
produced oil
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What are the key environmental concerns regarding the Alaskan oil pipeline?
Disruption of fragile
ecosystems
Risk of
oil spills
Impact on wildlife habitats
Long-term environmental degradation
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What were the historical economic impacts of Alaska's natural resources?
Initial purchase cost of
$7.2 million
Return of
$50 billion
by 1959
Significant contributions from oil taxes and royalties
Economic growth from gold rush and whaling
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How did Edwin Drake's discovery change the oil industry?
First
modern oil well
drilled
Shift from surface oil collection to drilling
Laid foundation for
future oil extraction methods
Sparked the growth of the oil industry
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What were the technological advancements in oil transportation?
Development of
pipelines
Transition from wooden to steel pipelines
Use of railroads for oil transport
Increased
efficiency
in oil delivery
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What were the social impacts of the oil boom in America?
Rise in
automobile ownership
Economic prosperity
post-World War II
Development of
suburbs
Increased demand for oil and related products
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What improvements were underway on the Alcan Highway?
Construction
of
the
highway
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How did the Alaskan Canadian Highway impact the Alaskan oil pipeline?
It paved the way for the
pipeline's
construction
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What was the relationship between the fortunes of the nation and the oil industry during the boom years?
They grew together at a
1:1
ratio
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By the late 1960s, what was America's oil consumption situation?
It far outstripped
domestic supply
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