Infection & Response

• Why do root cells not have chloroplasts?

  They are not near the light
• What is the role of mitochondria in root cells?

  They release energy for active transport
• What is health defined as?

  State of physical and mental wellbeing
• What are communicable diseases?

  Infectious diseases that can be spread
• What are non-communicable diseases?

  Diseases that cannot be spread
• How can different types of diseases interact?

  • Immune system defects increase infection risk
  • Viruses can trigger cancers
  • Pathogen-induced immune reactions can cause allergies
  • Severe illness can lead to mental health issues
• What are risk factors in relation to disease?

  Factors linked to increased disease rates
• Name a risk factor for heart disease.

  Lack of exercise
• How do lifestyle factors affect non-communicable diseases?

  They increase the chance of developing diseases
• What is obesity linked to?

  Type 2 diabetes and heart disease
• What is a pathogen?

  A micro-organism causing infectious disease
• How do bacteria make us feel ill?

  By producing toxins that destroy tissues
• How do viruses cause damage to cells?

  By living and reproducing inside them
• Describe the growth pattern of bacteria.

  1. Initial slow cell division
  2. Rapid division with ample nutrients
  3. Population levels off as cell death matches division
  4. Population declines as nutrients deplete
• What disease is caused by a virus and has a red rash and fever?

  Measles
• How is measles spread?

  By coughs and sneezes
• What is the prevention method for measles?

  Vaccination
• What disease does HIV lead to?

  AIDS
• How is HIV spread?

  By exchange of body fluids
• What is the prevention method for HIV?

  Using condoms
• What virus affects plants like tomatoes?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

  Mosaic pattern of leaf discolouration
• What disease is caused by bacteria found in food?

  Salmonella
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

  Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How is Salmonella spread?

  By food prepared in unhygienic conditions
• What is the prevention method for Salmonella?

  Vaccination of chickens
• What disease is caused by bacteria and has a thick discharge?

  Gonorrhoea
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  By sexual contact
• What is the prevention method for gonorrhoea?

  Using condoms
• What disease is caused by fungi in plants?

  Rose black spot
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Black/purple spots on leaves
• How is rose black spot treated?

  Using fungicides and destroying affected leaves
• What disease is caused by protists?

  Malaria
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Fever, which can be fatal
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is the prevention method for malaria?

  Draining swampy grounds
• Why can we only estimate deaths from diseases?

  Not all causes of death are recorded
• What are the non-specific defenses against pathogens in humans?

  • Skin: dead layer difficult to penetrate
  • Trachea/Bronchi: mucus traps microbes, cilia moves mucus
  • Stomach: acid kills bacteria
• How do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

  By detecting antigens and responding
• What are the functions of white blood cells in the immune response?

  1. Phagocytosis: engulfing invading cells
  2. Making antibodies: destroy and clump invading cells
  3. Making antitoxins: destroy toxins