monday exam

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Created by
Karina Sanchez

Cards (22)

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
    1.) Acid fast bacteria
    2.) Lives and reproduces in human lungs.
    3.) Causes Tuberculosis
    4.) Enters mouth/nose, colonizes lower respiratory tissue mucous membranes. Transmits through coughing and sneezing.
    5.) VF: Acid fast cell doesn't allow lysosomal degradation; survives intracellularly.
    6.) Is treated with multiple antibiotics at the same time.
    Latent: can lie dormant for a long time and then cause disease later.
  • Coccidioides immitis
    1.) Fungus
    2) Arid or semi-arid soil
    3) Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) – disease of the lungs; the majority of people experience no symptoms or may experience flu like symptoms that resolve in a few weeks to a few months.
    4) Enters mouth/nose and is transmitted ONLY by inhalation of soil (necessary to inhale lots of dust with spores)
    5) VF: Spherule – structure formed in the lungs that fills with endospores and as it grows crushes tissue
    6) Yes, antifungal agents are used
    7.) endemic – The species is found in a specific location.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
    1>) Gram positive coccus
    2) Nasopharynx
    3) Pneumonia
    4) Direct contact – person to person; coughing/sneezing brings bacteria to surfaces (lips, etc) then is transferred via contact with mucus and saliva
    5) Capsule – prevents phagocytosis
    6) Yes but resistance is a problem
    Term: nosocomial – An infection a patient acquires while being treated in a hospital
  • Bordetella pertussis
    1.) Gram negative coccobacillus
    2) Respiratory epithelium of humans
    3) Pertussis or Whooping cough – has 3 stages catarrhal (mild cold symptoms), paroxysmal (uncontrollable coughing), convalescent
    4) Mouth/nose – via inhalation
    5) VF: Tracheal cytotoxin – paralyzes cilia; mucous does not move up and out resulting in cough
    6) Yes but it is helpful only at the beginning of the disease. Most people obtain treatment around week 3, the antibiotics do not help since toxins produce the disease. VACCINATION is key
    Term: toxigenic – Produces toxins.
  • Campylobacter jejuni
    1.) Gram negative spirillum
    2) Intestines of wild birds mainly and some mammals – establishes in farm animals
    3) Gastroenteritis
    4) Contaminated food/water, rarely human to human
    5) VF: Adhesin – automatically triggers invasion of cells
    6) Not usually treated. Run its course with increased fluid intake.
    Term: sequelae – a disease or condition resulting from another.
  • Salmonella
    1.) Gram negative bacillus
    2) Intestines of animals ranging from humans, mammals, birds, reptiles
    3) Salmonellosis
    4) Mouth; foodborne (majority) and direct contact with feces from pets, fecal/oral
    5) VF: Invasins – enters intestinal cells
    6) Not usually treated.
    Term: contagious – describes a pathogen that can spread via contact with an infected person.
  • Giardia intestinalis (lamblia)
    1.) Protozoan
    2) Intestines of wild and domestic mammals and humans
    3) Giardiasis (travelers’ diarrhea)
    4) Mouth; ingestion of cysts in contaminated water (waterborne)
    5) VF: Adhesive disk – attaches to intestinal cells
    6) Yes, treated with antibiotics
    Term: zoonotic – describes a pathogen that can jump from a non-human to a human to cause infection
  • Helicobacter pylori
    1.) Gram negative spirillum
    2) Gastric mucosa of humans only
    3) Gastritis, gastric ulcers, gastric cancer
    4) Mouth; fecal oral or oral/oral
    5) VF: Urease – breaks down urea, increases pH of stomach to
    allow bacterium to reach lining of stomach
    6) Yes, antibiotics work well
    Term: chronic – lasting for a long time or frequently recurring.
  • Enterobius vermicularis
    1.) Helminth - roundworm
    2) Lower intestine of humans only.
    3) Enterobiasis
    4) Mouth; Fecal/oral or direct contact
    5) VF: Tail pin – female inserts tail pin into the perianal folds to deposit eggs; also worm movement in/out of anus
    6) Not usually treated since most cases are asymptomatic but there is an anti-helminthic drug available.
    Term: local – a disease that affects one specific organ system rather than the whole body.
  • 10. Staphylococcus aureus – NOT SKIN INFECTION
    1.) Gram positive coccus
    2) Skin, mucous membranes of nose
    3) Gastroenteritis = food poisoning
    4) Mouth, Ingestion of toxin in food
    5) Enterotoxin
    6) Cannot be treated with antibiotics
    Term: acute – describes a disease that recently occurred.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    1.) Gram negative bacillus
    2) Soil, water, plants
    3) Wound infections, burn and surgical wound infections, can lead to sepsis
    4) Compromised skin
    5) VF: LPS – very potent
    6) If sensitive can be treated, very abx resistant
    Term: opportunistic – describes a pathogen that takes advantage of an opportunity
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
    1.) Gram positive coccus
    2) Oropharynx, humans only
    3) SKIN & soft tissue infections (SSTIs)/diseases.
    4) Compromised skin
    5) VF: M protein
    6) If sensitive can be treated
    Term: invasive – describes a pathogen that infects an area generally free from large numbers of microbes.
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
    1.) Gram positive coccus
    2) Intestines/ female urogenital tract and rectum of humans.
    3) Meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis in newborns;
    4) Direct contact as baby moves through vaginal canal – enters any portal
    5) VF: Beta hemolysin
    6) If sensitive can be treated
    Term: sequelae – a disease or condition resulting from another.
  • Treponema pallidum
    1.) Gram negative spirochete but lacking proteins in outer membrane, does not have regular LPS
    2) Urogenital system of humans only
    3) Syphilis
    4) Direct contact – compromised skin/ mucous membranes of urethra, vagina. Can be transmitted congenitally.
    5) VF: Endoflagella – tucked under outer membrane, allows the organism to screw through tissues
    6) Treated with antibiotics
    Term: congenital – a condition that is present at birth.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
    1.) Obligate intracellular gram negative (ovoid)
    2) Urogenital system of humans only
    3) Chlamydia
    4) Direct contact with fluids/mucous membranes of urethra, cervix, rectum.
    5) VF: Invasins, intracellular growth kills cells
    6) Treated with antibiotics
    Term: subclinical – refers to a disease or condition that does not show characteristic clinical symptoms.
  • Candida albicans
    1.) Dimorphic fungus: yeast
    2) Mucosal membranes of humans only
    3) Candidiasis
    4) Direct contact with fluids/mucous membranes of urethra, vagina, oral cavity.
    5) VF: Pseudohyphae – invade tissue
    6) Treated with antifungals
    Term: opportunistic -- describes a pathogen that takes advantage of an opportunity not always available.
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    1.) Gram negative coccus
    2) Urogenital system of humans only
    3) Gonorrhea
    4) Direct contact with fluids/mucous membranes of urethra, vagina
    5) VF: LOS (a version of LPS) - blebs of OM released with LOS distract immune response
    6) Treated with antibiotics
    Term: intracellular – an infection that occurs within cells rather than between cells.
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
    1.) Protozoan
    2) Urogenital system of humans only
    3) Trichomoniasis
    4) Direct contact with fluids/mucous membranes of urethra, vagina
    5) VF: Axostyle – used to anchor the troph to tissues
    6) Treated with antibiotics
    Term: asymptomatic – refers to an infection that shows no or limited signs of disease.
  • Yersinia pestis
    1.) Gram negative bacillus
    2) Tissues of rodents, humans accidental hosts
    3) Bubonic, pneumonic & septicemic plague
    4) Compromised skin via flea bite for bubonic, inhalation for pneumonic.
    5) VF: YOPS: Yersinia’s outer membrane proteins: adherence, block phagocytosis
    6) Yes, treated with antibiotics
    Term: vectorborne – describes a pathogen that is spread between humans or from animals to humans through another living organism.
  • Bartonella henselae
    1.) Gram negative intracellular bacillus
    2) Many mammals harbor B henselae in RBC’s
    3) Cat scratch disease (CSD) to a tumor-like growth of blood vessels on the external skin surface and systemic infection.
    4) Cats (mammmals) obtain via flea bite → RBC’s infected → compromised skin via cat scratch.
    5) VF: Invasins – can infect several types of cells, especially circulatory and lymphatic
    6) Most cases resolve without antibiotic treatment; immunocompromised must be treated
    Term: local -- a disease that affects one specific organ system rather than the whole body.
  • Clostridium tetani
    1.) Gram positive bacillus
    2) Soil / intestinal tracts of animals including humans (transient)
    3) Tetanus
    4) Compromised skin - wound
    5) VF: Exotoxin is a neurotoxin – tetanus toxin
    6) Cannot be treated with antibiotics, recommended vaccine.
    Term: noncommunicable – refers to a disease that is not transmissible directly from one human to another.
  • Naegleria fowleri
    1.) Amoeba (protozoan)
    2) Warm freshwater bodies of water.
    3) PAM
    4) Nasal passages
    5) VF: Mucinase – degrades mucus
    6) Cannot be treated with antibiotics
    Term: invasive -- describes a pathogen that infects an area generally free from large numbers of microbes.