Child adolescent

• Early adulthood:

  • From late teens or early 20s lasting through the 30s
  • Time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children
• Middle adulthood:

  • 40 to 60 years of age
  • Time of expanding personal and social involvement, responsibility of assisting the next generation, and reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career
• Late adulthood:

  • 60s and above
  • Time for adjustment, decreasing strength and health, life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles
• Prenatal period:

  • From conception to birth
  • Involves tremendous growth from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities
• Infancy:

  • From birth to 18-24 months
  • Time of extreme dependence on adults
  • Psychological activities beginning such as language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning
• Early childhood:

  • End of infancy to 5-6 years
  • Preschool years
  • Children learn to become more self-sufficient, develop school readiness skills, and spend many hours in play with peers
• Middle childhood and late childhood:

  • 6-11 years of age
  • Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are mastered
  • Children are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture
  • Achievement becomes a more central theme and self-control increases
• Adolescence:

  • 10-12 years of age ending up to 18-22 years of age
  • Begins with rapid physical changes and pursuit of independence and identity
• Nature and nurture:

  • Nature refers to genetic and biological factors inherited from parents
  • Nurture refers to environmental influences impacting a child's development
  • Nature provides the foundation, while nurture shapes a child's behavior, values, beliefs, and skills
• Continuity and discontinuity:

  • Continuity perspective: development is a gradual and continuous process, emphasizing incremental growth
  • Discontinuity perspective: development involves distinct stages or periods of rapid change, emphasizing qualitative shifts
• Stability and change:

  • Stability refers to the consistency of traits or behaviors over time
  • Change refers to developmental transformations and modifications over time
  • Both stability and change are present in child and adolescent development, influenced by genetic factors, early experiences, environmental influences, and personal experiences