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• In what ways were "race" and "tribe" new identities in colonial Africa?

  - Before: Africans recognized themselves based on language, kinship, clan, village, and state. It was NOT clearly defined.

  - The idea of an Africa sharply divided into seperate and divided "tribes" was a European notion that facilitated colonial administration and reflected their belief of African primitiveness.

  - Africans found ethnic/tribal label useful.
• Why did European colonizers create the notion of tribes in Africa? How did Africans find it useful?


  European colonizers created the notions of tribes because it facilitated colonial administration and reflected Europeans' belief in African primitiveness. By categorizing themselves and others in target ethnic terms many migrants to cities found it very useful with all the competition for jobs, housing, and education in cities.
• How and why did Hinduism emerge as a distinct religious tradition during the colonial era in India?

  - British sought to establish a clear and codified definition of the local faiths as a single religion. The scholars and missionaries who studied South Asian religion promoted the idea of an orthodox form of Hinduism.

  - This also made a more clear and conscious split between Muslims and Hindus.See an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• How would a historian explain the impact imperialism had on culture and gender roles in colonial societies?

  Many natives of European colonies began to accept Christian beliefs and were forced into gender systems with Europeans brining in new gender roles into many societies.
• How could a historian explain the relationship between European colonial powers and native elites?


  Many native elites wanted to embrace Europeans ideals modernization but many Europeans didn't accept natives equally.
• Explain the reasons that Europeans were unwilling to see educated natives as equals

  Constantly denigration of natives occurred with many Europeans have that an idea that they were primitive, backward, uncivilized, or savage certainly rankled, particularly among the well educated.
• What impact did Western education have on colonial societies?

  -Minority:Western education created a new identity. It provided access to better-paying jobs, an escape from European control and forced labor.

  - It brought elite status in their own communities and there was an opportunity to achieve equality with whites.

  - Education created a cultural divide in African and Asian societies.

  -India:educated people organized society into renewed Indian culture (no child marriages, caste, etc...)

  - Education still didn't mean they were equal with the Europeans though.
• What impact did Western education have on colonial societies?

  Education impacted colonial societies because it provided social mobility and elite status within their own communities and an opportunity to achieve or at least approach equality, with whites in a racially defined society.
• In what different ways did the colonial experience reshape the economic lives of Asian and African societies? How were some societies able to translate these changes into economic opportunities after independence?

  Many countries started to setup health care provisions and infrastructure after colonial rules. Many societies used what they learned about the European modernizing process to improve their own societies.
• What were the legacies of nineteenth-century imperialism?

  Europe developed a way larger network of global exchange, many colonies adapted many European elements and learned about the European modernizing process, and knowhere in the world did a breakthrough to modern society occurred.
• Explain how women's lives changed yet remained the same during nineteenth-century colonization

  Many women started working with the production of substances such as peanuts that were major export crops.
• How were the social and economic lives of African women altered by colonial economies?


  Following colonization, women's lives diverged more and more from those of men. Women dominated subsistence production, while men took a dominant role in cash-crop agriculture.
• Explain how imperialism changed traditional crop cultivation

  It caused many people to work jobs that were very close to being slaves that had large scale foreign investment in the economic transformations of the colonial era.
• What kinds of wage labor were available in the colonies? Why might people take part in them? How did doing so change their lives?

  Members of colonial societies could find paid work in European-owned plantations and mines, on construction projects, or as household servants.
• As slave labor declined in the nineteenth century, what forms of labor replaced it?

  After slave labor declined, indentured servitude and mass migrations of people from places like India, China, and Java to other locations to work in plantations became common
• What historical factors would help explain the migration patterns of 1846-1940

  The age of empire was also an age of global migration. Beyond the three major patterns of long-distance migration, shorter migrations within particular regions or colonies set millions more into motion. Many people migrated due to new work opportunities in others places or since they wanted to live better lives somewhere else.
• How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples?

  In some regions, like Burma and the Gold Coast, colonial promotion of cash crops for trade benefited the farmers who participated in the system.

  • In other regions, like the Netherlands East Indies, cash-crop agriculture was forced on the local population by the colonial power, burdening the people and contributing to a wave of famines.

  • Cash-crop agriculture did lead to some social changes, as the cultivation of crops for markets and wage labor on plantations that were set up to grow cash crops shifted normal labor patterns.
• How did the forced cultivation of cash crops lead to colonial revolts?

  They could have frustrated people who wanted to start being treated fairly and decided to revolt against how they were being treated.
• How could horrific photos of mutilated children in the Congo promote changes in how governments ruled their colonies?


  They could be used to symbolize widespread abuses, including murders, rapes, starvation, and the burning of villages, associated With efforts to obtain supplies of wild rubbers for use in industrialized societies to change public opinion and imperial rule towards certain people.
• In what ways is the forced labor that happened in the Congo from imperial powers similar to earlier versions of coerced labor, such as the mita and slavery?

  Both involved one group of people benefitting from the work and suffering of other people in the same place
• What are natural resources that European countries received from African and Asian colonies?

  Coffee, sugar, gold, diamonds, tin, rubber, and cotton
• How did the policies of colonial powers change the economic lives of their subjects?

  Policies of colonial empires caused many to be abused, enslaved, killed, change their thinking of their own societies, and many people rebelled due to certain policies
• What were the causes of nineteenth-century European imperialism? What were the effects of imperialism on Asian and African societies?

  It was caused by economic needs and the common want for a traditional "rural" society. African countries were damaged economically, politically, and culturally. Many African's traditional lifestyles, believes, and cultures were destroyed.
• How did European colonial powers contradict the values of the Enlightenment through their treatment of their colonial territories?

  European colonial empires contradicted the ideas of the Enlightenment of fair treatment of women and getting rid of slavery
• In what ways were European notions of class in the colonies similar to the Indian caste system?

  Both viewed certain people as living lives above others and commonly women were treated as inferior to men in both
• How were European attitudes toward Indians, similar to the attitudes in South Africa towards blacks?

  Both were viewed as lower than Europeans and people could be servants to Europeans
• How were European colonial empires of the nineteenth century different from earlier forms of empire? How were nineteenth-century empires similar to earlier forms of empire?

  They used racial systems and African labor as a form of imperialism. While, like earlier empire they were still trying to conquer empires, convert people to Christianity, and trade
• Why might a subject people choose to cooperate with the colonial regime? What might prompt them to violent rebellion or resistance?

  Cooperation:

  - Subject peoples might choose to cooperate for: employment, status, and security found in European-led armed forces.

  - Local elites could maintain status and privileges and wealth.

  - European education.

  Resistance:

  - Local rulers who lost power, landords deprived of rent, peasants overtaxed, unemployment replaced by machines, and religious leaders who were threatened by missionaries are the ones who resisted.
• How was the colonization of Australia in the nineteenth century similar to the colonization of North America in the seventeenth century?

  Both involved large scale European settlement and disease
• What do maps shows about African responses to the "scramble for Africa"?

  By the early twentieth century, the map of Africa reflected the outcome of the scramble for Africa, a conquest that was heavily resisted in many places.
• What caused the scramble for Africa?

  discovery of diamonds and gold
• What are continuities and changes in imperialism in Asia from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century?

  By the early twentieth century, several of the great population centers of Asia had come under the colonial control of Britain, the Netherlands, France, the United States, or Japan.
• What are examples of Africans' and Asians' acceptance and rejection of European imperialism?

  Interaction with European trading firms led to the conquests of Indonesia and India, extensive military action to acquire many African states, and disease to take over Australia and New Zealand. While, in Ethiopia people fought and were never fully colonized by Europeans unlike the rest African countries.
• In what ways was colonial rule established differently in various parts of Africa and Asia?

  Use of military, imperialism, trade, disease, and religion