ITP

• Around 1920, psychologists defined their field as the study of behavior
• Psychology is the study of the mind or soul, deriving from the Greek words "psyche" meaning "soul" or "mind," and "logos" meaning "word"
• Currently, psychology is defined as the systematic study of behavior and mental processes
• Wilhelm Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken down into thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements
• Edward B. Titchener proposed the school of thought called Structuralism, breaking conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings
• In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
• Goals of Psychology:

  • Describe behavior and mental processes
  • Explain behavior and mental processes
  • Predict behavior and mental processes
  • Change/control behavior and mental processes
• John B. Watson founded the school of thought called Behaviorism, studying observable behavior and relationships between stimuli and responses
• William James proposed the school of thought called Functionalism, emphasizing the uses or functions of the mind
• Gestalt psychology emphasizes how perception is organized, proposing that "The whole is different from the sum of its parts"
• Sigmund Freud founded the Psychoanalytic school of thought, asserting that behavior and mental processes are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses
• Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology:

  • Psychodynamic Perspective
  • Behavioral Perspective
  • Cognitive Perspective
  • Sociocultural Perspective
  • Biopsychological/Behavior Genetics Perspective
  • Evolutionary Perspective
  • Humanistic-Existential Perspective
• • Evolutionary: Gender differences in anger expression reflect different evolutionary pressures and strategies for survival and reproduction
  • Humanistic-Existential: Experiencing and expressing anger impact an individual's sense of self-worth, personal identity, and agency in their own life
• Anger:

  • Psychodynamic: Defense mechanisms like displacement and projection influence how trauma survivors express and manage anger
  • Behavioral: Anger management techniques can tame aggression and cultivate healthy coping in anger-prone individuals
  • Cognitive: Distorted cognitive schemas contribute to the interpretation of neutral situations as threatening and trigger excessive anger
  • Sociocultural: Norms and expectations on anger expression shape how we feel, show, and manage anger
  • Biopsychological: Brain imaging can pinpoint anger pathways for targeted interventions for anger management
• Branches of Psychology:

  • Behavioral genetics
  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Clinical psychology
  • Clinical neuropsychology
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Counseling psychology
  • Cross-cultural psychology
  • Developmental psychology
  • Educational psychology
  • Environmental psychology
  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Experimental psychology
  • Forensic psychology
  • Health psychology
  • Industrial/organizational psychology
  • Personality psychology
  • School psychology
  • Social psychology
  • Sport psychology
• Psychology Law (R.A. 10029):

  • To practice psychology in the Philippines, an individual must be a Bachelors and Masters degree holder in Psychology and pass the Licensure Examinations for Psychologists
  • Non-Psychology undergraduates may pursue a Masters' degree in Psychology after undergoing required bridging courses for BLEPP
• The text is written in Morse code
• Morse code is a method used to encode text characters as sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes
• Each character is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes
• The Morse code in the text translates to "EXAM TIPS"