itp

• Lifespan Development studies the growth and changes that occur in an individual across the lifespan – from Birth to Death!
• Areas of Development

    1. Physical/ Motor Development

    2. Social Development

    3. Cognitive Development

    4. Emotional Development

    5. Personality Development
• Development – is a series of progressive, sequencial  changes that occur over a period of time. It may refer to both quantitative and qualitative changes.
• Cephalo-caudal principle: This states that development spreads over the body from head to foot. Changes in structure and function can first be observed in the head, then trunk and finally, the legs.
• Proximodistal principle: According to this principle, development proceeds from near to far, from the midpoint of the body to the extremities.
• Growth – is an increase in physical dimensions as size, height, weight, etc.
• Maturation: It refers to those changes which primarily reveal on unfolding of genetically endowed physical capacities of the organism.
• Plato, 428–348 BC

  “And the first step, as you know, is always what matters most, particularly

   when we are dealing with those who are young and tender. “
• Bible, Proverbs 26:22

  “Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old,

   he will not depart from it.”
• Alexander Pope, 1688–1744

  “As the twig is bent the tree’s inclined.”
• William Wordsworth, 1770–1850

  “The Child is father of the Man.”
• Heredity the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
• Environment - the natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity.
• Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
• Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual
• Prenatal – life inside the womb. The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single-cell zygote
• Fertilization – one ovum meets one sperm cell.
• Ovum/germinal stage –Fertilization – 2 weeks
• Embryo/Zygote stage - 2 weeks to 2 months
• . Fetus/Fetal stage – 2 months  to birth\
• Stages of Prenatal Development

    1. Ovum/germinal stage

    2. Embryo/Zygote stage

    3. Fetus/Fetal stage
• Factors in Prenatal Development

    1. Nutrition

    2. Maternal stress

    3. Attitude of significant others
• 1.Ovum or Germinal stage – Fertilization to two (2) weeks. The fertilized ovum attaches to the uterus and Cell division occurs.
• 1.Embryo or Zygote Stage – Two (2) weeks t0 two (2) months. Cell differentiation takes place, that is, from one cell, different types of cells arise. External features such as head, face, hands, fingers, legs can be clearly seen and interior organs such as heart lungs and brain are formed.
• 1.Fetus or the Fetal stage – Two (2) months to birth. The body proportions increase as growth
• All the internal organs are formed and by 5"' month they assume actual proportions. Between 2-4 month the nervous system develops
• I.Infancy (0-2 months)
• I.Babyhood (2 months – 2 years)
• Childhood

  Early childhood (2 years – 6 years) b. Late childhood (6 years – 12 years)
• I.Adolescence/ Puberty (12 – 18 years)
• I.Early Adulthood (18 years – 40 years)
• Middle Adulthood (40 years – 60 years)
• I.Old age – (60 years and above)
• Charles Darwin was one of the first to keep a detailed baby biography, a diary of one of his sons, Doddy, from birth, which he published in ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’.
• In 1891 G. Stanley Hall  (Father of Developmental Psychology) published his ‘Notes on the study of infants’, and he recorded ‘the contents of children’s minds’ by asking children numerous questions. Thus began the systematic study of infancy and childhood.
• Development psychology has provided data which show the range of behaviour, thoughts and feelings typical for any particular population, at any particular time.
• Developmental psychology has a key role to play if we are to understand ourselves and others better.
• Developmental theories present systematic ways of thinking about how human beings grow from babies to adolescents to adults to elderly people, and the various changes they undergo as they make this passage.
• Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)