organisation

• What makes up all living things?

  Cells
• What is a tissue?

  A group of specialized cells with similar functions
• Can tissues be made of more than one type of cell?

  Yes
• What are organs formed from?

  Different tissues working together
• What is the function of the stomach?

  To produce digestive juices and acids
• What are organ systems?

  Groups of organs working together
• What organ system is the stomach part of?

  The digestive system
• What is the main function of the digestive system?

  To break down food for absorption
• What do glands in the digestive system produce?

  Digestive juices containing enzymes
• What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  To kill bacteria and optimize pH
• Where are soluble molecules absorbed in the digestive system?

  The small intestine
• What does the liver produce?

  Bile
• What is the function of bile?

  To help digest lipids
• What does the large intestine absorb?

  Water from undigested food
• What is the role of enzymes?

  To increase the rate of reactions
• What are enzymes made of?

  Protein molecules
• Why is the shape of an enzyme important?

  It determines the enzyme's function
• What is an active site?

  The part where the substrate binds
• What is the Lock and Key Hypothesis?

  Substrate shape matches active site shape
• What happens when the temperature is too high for enzymes?

  The enzyme becomes denatured
• What is the optimum temperature for most enzymes?

  37 degrees Celsius
• What happens to enzymes at temperatures above optimum?

  Reaction rate decreases and stops
• What is the optimum pH for most enzymes?

  7
• What happens if the pH is too high or too low for enzymes?

  The enzyme becomes denatured
• Why are enzymes vital in the digestive system?

  They break down molecules for absorption
• What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into?

  Simple sugars
• Where is amylase produced?

  Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
• What do proteases convert proteins into?

  Amino acids
• What do lipases convert lipids into?

  Fatty acids and glycerol
• Where are lipases produced?

  Pancreas and small intestine
• What happens to soluble glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol?

  They enter the bloodstream for use
• What is the purpose of tests like Benedict's test?

  To determine the type of solution present
• What color does Benedict's test turn for sugars?

  Brick red
• What color does the iodine test turn for starch?

  Blue-black
• What color does the Biuret test turn for protein?

  Purple
• What does the emulsion test for lipids involve?

  Adding ethanol to form a cloudy layer
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  To neutralize acid and emulsify fats
• Where is bile produced and stored?

  Produced in the liver, stored in gallbladder
• What is the purpose of the practical involving amylase and starch?

  To investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity
• What is the independent variable in the amylase experiment?

  The pH of the buffer solution