infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• How do pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, water, or air
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  Viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi
• What is a characteristic of viruses?

  They are very small
• How do viruses replicate?

  By using the host cell's biochemistry
• What happens when a virus replicates in a cell?

  The cell bursts, releasing copies into the bloodstream
• What effect do viruses have on the host?

  They cause damage and make the individual feel ill
• What is a characteristic of bacteria?

  They multiply quickly through binary fission
• What do bacteria produce that can harm cells?

  Toxins that damage cells
• What are protists known for?

  Some are parasitic, using hosts for survival
• What is a characteristic of fungi?

  They can be single-celled or multicellular
• How do fungi spread?

  By producing spores that infect other organisms
• What are the main ways pathogens are spread?

  • Direct contact (e.g., touching contaminated surfaces)
  • By water (e.g., drinking dirty water)
  • By air (e.g., droplet infection from sneezing)
• How can the spread of diseases be limited?

  • Improving hygiene (hand washing, disinfectants)
  • Reducing contact with infected individuals
• What is a common bacterial disease that is on the rise?

  Salmonella food poisoning
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How is Salmonella spread?

  Through raw meat and unhygienic conditions
• How can Salmonella be prevented?

  Vaccinating poultry and proper food handling
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge, pain when urinating
• How is Gonorrhoea spread?

  Through unprotected sexual contact
• How can Gonorrhoea be prevented?

  Using condoms and antibiotics
• What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How is Rose black spot spread?

  By spores spread in water or wind
• How can Rose black spot be prevented?

  Using fungicides or removing affected leaves
• What is Malaria caused by?

  Protist pathogens that enter red blood cells
• How is Malaria spread?

  By the female Anopheles mosquito
• How can Malaria be prevented?

  Using pesticides and vaccination
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How is Measles spread?

  Through droplet infection
• How can Measles be prevented?

  Vaccinations for young children
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How is HIV spread?

  By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids
• How can the spread of HIV be prevented?

  Using condoms and not sharing needles
• What is the Tobacco mosaic virus?

  A plant pathogen affecting many plant species
• What are the symptoms of Tobacco mosaic virus?

  Discolouration of the leaves
• How is Tobacco mosaic virus spread?

  By contact between diseased and healthy plants
• How can Tobacco mosaic virus be prevented?

  Good field hygiene and pest control
• What is the role of the non-specific defence system?

  To prevent pathogens from entering the body
• How does the skin protect against pathogens?

  Acts as a physical barrier and produces secretions
• What is the function of skin flora?

  Compete with bad microorganisms for resources