Photosynthesis

• The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
• Electrons are transferred between different components of the photosynthetic apparatus, including pigments such as chlorophyll and accessory proteins like cytochrome b6f complexes.
• Light energy absorbed by PSII drives an electron transfer chain that generates ATP through chemiosmosis.
• Photosystem II (PSII) is located on the outer side of the thylakoid membrane, where it absorbs light energy from chlorophyll molecules to split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
• In summary, the light-independent reactions involve carbon fixation, which converts CO2 into organic compounds using the reduced cofactors generated during the light-dependent reactions.