photosynthesis

• What are the two main types of reactions in photosynthesis?

  Light dependent and light independent reactions
• Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

  Thylakoid membrane
• What is the fluid part of the chloroplast called?

  Stroma
• What is the purpose of the light dependent reactions?

  To produce ATP and reduced NADP
• What is photolysis in photosynthesis?

  Splitting of water using light energy
• What are the products of photolysis?

  Oxygen, electrons, and protons
• What happens to the protons during the light dependent reactions?

  They form reduced NADP
• What is photoionization of chlorophyll?

  Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
• How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?

  Protons move through ATP synthase
• What is the role of the enzyme rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

  It catalyzes the reaction with carbon dioxide
• What does the Calvin cycle produce?

  Hexose sugars
• How many times must the Calvin cycle occur to produce one hexose sugar?

  Six times
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Anything that reduces the rate of photosynthesis
• What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity increases?

  It increases until another factor limits it
• Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  It influences enzyme activity
• What is the role of artificial lighting in agriculture?

  To remove limiting factors for photosynthesis
• What is the purpose of Calvin's apparatus?

  To trace carbon 14 isotope in photosynthesis
• What does the hot methanol do in Calvin's apparatus?

  Denatures enzymes to stop reactions
• Why is the lollipop flask advantageous for experiments?

  It has a larger surface area for light exposure
• What is the significance of measuring radioactivity in carbon compounds?

  To analyze the incorporation of carbon in photosynthesis
• Why do GP levels rise in the dark?

  Because GP is not converted to TP
• Why do rubp levels decrease in the dark?

  Because rubp is not regenerated without ATP
• What happens to glucose levels in the dark?

  They decrease due to lack of TP
• What is the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis?

  Higher light intensity increases the rate
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity in photosynthesis?

  Low temperatures reduce kinetic energy
• What is the role of ATP in the Calvin cycle?

  Provides energy for the reactions
• What is the role of reduced NADP in the Calvin cycle?

  Donates hydrogen to reduce GP
• What happens to the carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle?

  It reacts with RuBP to form GP
• What is the significance of the carbon 14 isotope in photosynthesis studies?

  It allows tracking of carbon in reactions
• What is the effect of turning off the lights on the Calvin cycle?

  It stops ATP and NADPH production
• Why is the Calvin cycle temperature sensitive?

  It relies on enzyme activity
• What happens to the levels of GP, TP, and RuBP in the dark?

  GP increases, TP decreases, RuBP decreases
• How does the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the Calvin cycle?

  It limits the rate of carbon fixation
• What is the role of the enzyme rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

  It catalyzes the reaction with carbon dioxide
• What is the relationship between ATP and glucose production in the Calvin cycle?

  ATP provides energy to convert GP to TP
• What is the significance of the electrochemical gradient in chemiosmosis?

  It drives protons to produce ATP
• How does the light dependent reaction contribute to the Calvin cycle?

  It produces ATP and NADPH for the cycle
• What is the role of the thylakoid membrane in photosynthesis?

  It hosts the light dependent reactions
• What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?

  It is where the light independent reactions occur
• What is the significance of the granum in chloroplasts?

  It contains thylakoids for light reactions