Psychopathology

• Hoarding Disorder is a disorder characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.
• Abnormal psychology aims to explain the origins, development, and treatment of these conditions.
• <S: >Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental disorders and psychological distress.
• In OCD, individuals experience recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, impulses, or urges that cause anxiety or distress.
• Mental disorders are patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or relationships that cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.
• Obsessions involve unwanted ideas, images, or impulses that are experienced as senseless or repugnant.
• cognitive approach to treating and explaining Depression

  Biological approach to treating and explaining obsessive compulsive disorder

  Behavioural approach to explaining and treating phobias
• Cognitive approach to treating and explaining depression involves identifying negative thought patterns and replacing them with more positive ones through cognitive restructuring therapy.
• Behavioral approach to explaining and treating phobias focuses on modifying maladaptive behavior patterns associated with fear responses using systematic desensitization and flooding techniques.
• Biological approach to treating and explaining obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) includes medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase levels of serotonin in the brain, and psychotherapy techniques like exposure and response prevention (ERP).
• Behavioral approach to explaining and treating phobias focuses on modifying maladaptive behavior patterns associated with fear responses using systematic desensitization and flooding therapies.
• The biological approach to treating and explaining obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) includes the use of medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which target neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine involved in regulating mood and cognition.
• Medications used to treat OCD include SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and benzodiazepines.
• The biological approach to treating OCD is based on the idea that imbalances in neurotransmitters can lead to symptoms of anxiety and compulsion.
• Systematic Desensitization is a type of Behavior Therapy used to treat Phobias by gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli while teaching relaxation skills.
• Flooding is an intensive form of Exposure Therapy where patients are exposed to their fears all at once rather than gradually.
• The cognitive approach to treating and explaining depression emphasizes the role of negative thinking patterns and distorted beliefs in maintaining depressive symptoms, and aims to challenge these thoughts and replace them with more adaptive ones.
• The biological approach to treating and explaining OCD also considers genetic factors that may contribute to its development, particularly involving genes related to serotonin regulation.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed class of drugs for OCD treatment.
• Cognitive therapy involves identifying negative thought patterns and replacing them with more positive ones through cognitive restructuring.
• Flooding is another form of Behavior Therapy used to treat Phobias by rapidly exposing individuals to intense or prolonged exposure to their fears without any escape route.
• Cognitive therapy involves identifying and challenging negative thought patterns through techniques such as cognitive restructuring and behavioral activation.
• Intrusive Thoughts are unwanted, distressing thoughts that occur involuntarily and often have no basis in reality.
• OCD often co-occurs with other mental health disorders such as Anxiety Disorders, Depression, and Substance Use Disorders.
• Systematic Desensitization is a type of Behavioral Therapy that uses relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety levels during exposure to feared objects or situations.
• Clinical characteristics of depression, ocd and phobias
• Depressive symptoms include low mood, loss of interest/pleasure, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent suicidal ideation, and psychomotor agitation/retardation
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms include intrusive, repetitive, and distressing thoughts (obsessions) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts).
• Phobia symptoms include excessive fear or avoidance of specific stimuli (e.g., animals, heights), anticipatory anxiety, physical symptoms like sweating, trembling, nausea, etc.
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive, repetitive, and distressing thoughts (obsessions), which can be accompanied by compulsions (repetitive behaviors). Common obsessions include contamination fears, harm to self or others, and symmetry concerns.
• Compulsions are often performed as a way to neutralize the obsession's perceived threat but may not actually alleviate it.
• Cognitive behavioural therapy treating depression

  REBT is a type to CBT used to treat depression

  REBT uses the ABCDE model
• The ABCDE model involves identifying activating events that trigger negative emotions, evaluations about these events, and disputes against irrational beliefs.
• In REBT, individuals learn how to dispute their irrational beliefs through cognitive restructuring techniques such as questioning evidence, looking at alternative explanations, considering other perspectives, and testing assumptions.
• CBT aims to identify and challenge distorted thinking patterns associated with depressive disorders such as all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, catastrophizing, personalization, and emotional reasoning.
• CBT aims to change maladaptive thinking patterns through cognitive restructuring techniques such as thought records, challenging automatic thoughts, and developing more adaptive coping strategies.
• CBT has been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving overall functioning.
• In REBT, individuals identify their irrational beliefs and challenge them with evidence supporting rational alternatives.
• CBT aims to change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviours associated with mental health disorders
• CBT typically consists of structured sessions led by a trained therapist who helps clients identify and challenge negative thinking patterns and develop coping strategies