TOP

• Psychoanalytic school of psychology includes classical psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, emphasizing unconscious forces, biologically based drives of sex and aggression, and unavoidable conflicts in early childhood
• Levels of personality include Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious, with the Unconscious being the major driving power behind all behaviors
• The Unconscious contains instincts, wishes, and desires that direct behavior, contains all those drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness
• Id:

  • Lives with the pleasure principle
  • Concerned only with satisfying personal desires
  • Actions based on the Pleasure Principle for immediate personal satisfaction
  • Uses wish fulfillment (dreams) to satisfy needs
  • Id impulses, including large sexual and aggressive ones, remain out of awareness
  • Present at birth
• Ego:

  • Operates on the Reality Principle to manipulate the environment practically and realistically
  • Acts as the rational master of Personality
  • Utilizes Secondary Process for perception, recognition, judgment, and memory in satisfying needs
• Superego:

  • Functions based on the Moralistic and Idealistic Principle
  • Job is to keep id impulses in the unconscious
  • Develops around five years old
  • Represents society's (parents') values and standards
  • Places restrictions on actions and uses guilt as a primary weapon
• Instincts:

  • Basic element of the personality
  • Motivating force that drives the personality and determines its direction
  • Satisfies needs to reduce tension and maintain physiological equilibrium
  • Source: Body Stimulus or Need
  • Impetus: amount of energy or intensity of need
  • Aim: goal and purpose
  • Object: person or object in the environment through which the aim may be satisfied
• Life Instinct (Eros):

  • Maintains life processes for survival of individual & species
  • Satisfies needs such as food, water, air, and sex
  • Libido: psychic energy manifested by life instinct
  • Cathexis: investment of psychic energy towards a person or an object
• Death Instinct (Thanatos):

  • Unconscious drive towards decay, destruction, and aggression
  • Aggressive Drive: component of death instinct that compels destruction, conquest, and killing
• Anxiety:

  • A threat to the Ego
  • Fundamental for the development of neurotic and psychotic behavior
  • Birth Trauma
  • Three Types of Anxiety: Reality or Objective Anxiety, Neurotic Anxiety, Moral Anxiety
• Ego-Defense Mechanisms:

  • Used to cope and preserve ego function
  • Operate unconsciously
  • Include distortions of reality
• Psychosexual Stages of Development:

  • Personality develops from childhood: parent-child interactions, maximize pleasure
  • Erogenous Zone: parts of the body sensitive to pleasure and sensual feelings
  • Fixation: portion of libido remains invested in a stage, leaving less energy for following stages
  • Conflict resolution needed before entering the next stage
• Oral Stage (0-1):

  • Source: Mouth
  • Erotic Activity: Sucking, biting, swallowing
  • Primary Object: Mother or caregiver
  • Concludes at Weaning
• Anal Stage (2-3):

  • Source: Anus
  • Erotic Activity: retention/defecation
  • Two behaviors: Anal Expulsion (let go) and Anal Retention (hold on)
• Phallic Stage (3-6):

  • Source: Genitals
  • Erotic Activity: exploring and manipulating (masturbation)
  • Primary Object: Mother or caregiver
  • Includes the Oedipus Complex and the Electra Complex
• Latency Period (7-Puberty (12)):

  • Sexual impulse is suppressed in the service of learning
  • Sublimated in school activities, sports, hobbies, and developing friendships with the same sex
• Genital Stage (towards adulthood):

  • Begins at puberty
  • Can be satisfied through socially acceptable substitutes and committed adult relationships
  • Genital personality enjoys satisfying adult sexuality, overcomes narcissism, and loves others
• Freud and Therapy:

  • Relaxed Atmosphere
  • Free Association
  • Dream Analysis
  • Projective Techniques
  • Aim to make the unconscious, conscious
• Evaluation of Freud's Theory:

  • Deterministic
  • Pessimistic
  • Causality
  • Unconscious
  • Low Social Influence; High on Biological
  • Both Unique and Similar
• every personality theory that developed was a derivative of his theory in some way

  either to oppose or to agree with it
• what is the influence of josef breuer to freud

  hypothesize that neurosis originated from intensely distressing past experience, forgotten
• what is the limitation of conscious


  only reflects a small portion of our thoughts functions sensations and memories
• involves fear of tangible dangers in the real world

  reality or objective anxiety
• how many years of therapy did anna o undergone?

  2 years, from 1880-1882
• what is anna O's physical condition?

  lost the feeling of hands and feet, paralysis, involuntary spasms, visual hallucinations,
• her social-emotional condition?

  dramatic mood swings, made several suicide attempts
• mode of therapy on anna o

  hypnosis, the talking cure, catharsis
• anna o is the first?

  social worker in germany
• identification of negative traits

  identification with the aggressor
• displacement towards the self

  turning against the self
• two ways of behaving in oral stage

  oral passive and oral aggressive
• fixation at oral stage

  smoking, biting fingernails, talkative
• identification of boy with father girl with mother, introjection of values of parents and adopts it

  resolution of complexes in phallic stage