TOP PT1

• Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior
• Personality originates from the Latin word "persona," meaning masks that actors wore in ancient Greek plays
• Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency over time, and stability across situations
• Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual, including temperament, physique, and intelligence
• Behavior refers to any action or response to internal or external stimuli
• Theory is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses
• Philosophy deals with "oughts" and "shoulds," including morality or suggestions on how to live someone's life
• Hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method
• Taxonomy is a classification of things according to their natural relationships
• Criteria of a good theory include generating research, being falsifiable, organizing and explaining knowledge, providing practical solutions, being internally consistent, and parsimonious
• Dimensions for a concept of humanity include determinism vs free choice, pessimism vs optimism, causality vs teleology, conscious vs unconscious, biological, vs social influences, uniqueness vs similarities
• Different theories of personality arise from different personal backgrounds, philosophical orientations, unique ways of looking at the world, and the data chosen to observe
• Research in personality theory must generate research, has systematic observations and has two empirical criteria for instrument
• Conceptual definitions ensure that concepts in hypotheses are defined precisely for accurate measures to be devised
• Operational definitions are procedures used to define particular constructs
• Testing of theories can involve experimental methods, correlational techniques, and case studies
• Methods of assessment include personality tests that measure typical behavior, traits, temperaments, and dispositions
• Early developments in the study of personality include Humoral Psychology, Physiognomy, Literary Characterology, and Psychobiological theory of personality
• Psychoanalytic theories of personality involve Sigmund Freud and psychodynamic theories
• Behavior and learning theories include John Dollard, Neal Miller, Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, BF Skinner, Walter Mischel
• Humanistic-existential theories include Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, focusing on limits, acceptance, anxiety, life meaning, potential, awareness, and self-realization
• Disposition and biological theories involve Gordon Allport, Henry Murray, Raymond Cattell, and Hans Eysenck
• Cognitive theories include George Kelly, Albert Ellis, Arnold Lazarus, and Aaron Beck
• What are the two categories under validity?

  construct validity and predictive validity
• What are categories under construct validity?

  convergent, divergent, discriminant
• convergent 


  comparison of result if its consistent
• divergent


  are they different?
• predictive validity 


  relate criterion to future performance
• what are the classification under humoral psychology?

  sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic
• The empirical study of scientific thought and behavior including theory of construction of the scientist

  psychology of science
• what are the classification under Kretschmer's typology?

  pyknic, athletic, leptosome/asthenic, dysplastic
• cranioscopy


  study of skull's hills and valleys
• literary characterology

  Theophrastus, 30 moral types, systematic writing
• constitutional theory of personality 


  william sheldon, physical and temperamental variables represent human behavior
• studies the psychological aspects of human behavior in relation to morphology and physiology

  constitutional theory of personality
• different body morphology

  endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph, balanced type
• temparemental types

  endotonia/ viscerotonia, somatotonia/mesotonia, cerebrotonia/ectotonia
• 5 factor model

  openness, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
• of the psychoanalytic-psychodynamic perspective


  freud, adler jung and horney
• what are the terminologies under psychoanalysis

  id, intraphysics, defenses, biological