chemistry

• the name of carbohydrates are fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose and starch
• starch goes black (from brown) when mixed with iodine solution
• starch doesn't change when it reacts with Benedict solution
• glucose goes to a light yellow/ it barely changes when it reacts with iodine solution
• glucose goes orange/ brick red (from blue) when it reacts with Benedict solution
• making = g+g+g+g (infinite glucose molecules) to -g-g-g-g (straight line through) (starch molecules)
• breaking= g-g-g-g (starch molecules) to g+g+g+g (glucose molecules)
• carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• fermentation is when we can turn fruits and veg into alcoholic drinks with the help of a fungus known as yeast
• glucose ➡️ (yeast) ethanol+ carbon dioxide
• an example of the hydroxyl "-oh" group or alcohol group
• hydroxyl= -c-o-H
• you can use alcohol drinking and cleaning and it is flammable and dissoluble
• like acid and alkenes the first part of the name comes from how many carbons are in the molicule
• the name ends in -ol to show its a hydroxyl -oh group present
• 4 carbons-butan-OH (hydroxyl) group 2nd carbon
• alcohol ends in -ol
• hydroxyl formula CnH2n+1OH
• it is recommended you shouldn't drink more than 14 units of drink a week
• number of units= volume of drink ml x % ethanol/ 1000
• alcohles are made by fermentation
• an enzyme known as yeast helps to covert glucose into ethanol but stops working when the alcohol content gets too high.
• to improve alcohol content we use a method used as distillation. this happens because ethanol has a lower boiling point than water
• fermentation can only produce ethanol drinks
• up to 15% enzymes need to work under optimal conditions. longer fermintation = more ethanol. once theres too much enzymes stop working
• we have to use another technique to get a higher %
• ethanoic acid

  
• ends in -oic (acid)
• formula for carboxylic acid- CnH2nO2
• Eh= C x M x ΔT
• Eh= heat gained by water (kj)
• C= specific heat capasity (4.18)
• m= mass of water/ (kg)
• ΔT= change in temp water (°c)
• c= kjkg-1°c-1
• L=kg and ml=g=cm3