Employment

• Formal economy: work known to the government and is subject to income tax e.g. teacher, lawyer
• informal economy: unregistered work where employees dont pay income tax e.g. independent cleaner
• informal sector: Low/minimal education is required
• formal sector: higher skill/education is required
• formal sector: workers do get benefits e.g. paid holidays, sick pay
• informal sector: workers don't get benefits
• formal sector: pay is high
• informal sector: pay is low
• there are fewer jobs available in India's rural areas which are not well paid, therefore large amounts of rural-urban migration happens towards areas where there aren't enough higher-paid jobs
• disadvantages of informal sector: no income tax - government has to get money elsewhere, child labour - not being educated so struggle to move out of the sector, no healthcare
• advantages of informal sector: skills improve so is a route out of poverty, high amounts of job opportunities allows people to access jobs
• sector shift - the move from one employment/economic sector that is dominant in an economy to another. e.g. if a country has moved most of it's jobs and money being in the primary sector to the secondary sector, then it has experienced sector shift
• Deindustrialisation- a process in which the industrial activity in a country or region is removed or reduced because of a major economic or social change.
• Globalisation- Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
• Manufacturing - Manufacturing is the processing of raw materials or parts into finished goods through the use of tools, human labour, machinery, and chemical processing.
• Manufacturing moves away from HICs because the land gets more expensive, and labour costs rise
• Manufacturing moves into NICs and MICs because land is cheaper and labour costs are cheaper
• Primary and secondary jobs are mostly carried out in LICs and MICs e.g. China.
• MICs in particular have a large number of secondary jobs. Often the collection of raw materials e.g. farming cotton and the processing of these in factories ( e.g. turning the cotton into cloth and clothes) occur in these countries.
• Tertiary and quaternary jobs within TNCs are often carried out in HICs.
• The global distribution of raw materials means that we get a lot of raw materials from developing countries. This is not only because supplies are more plentiful, but access if easier as there is lots of labour and overall costs are low as a result. Transport is also cheaper so materials can be moved easily.
• Raw materials are used to make manufactured goods which are then sold on the world market. The finished products are bought by consumers who live in developed countries. These countries tend to export their own manufactured goods back to developing countries where they sell them at high prices.
• In LICs and MICs, the land is cheaper. This means that big factories can be built for lower costs and make profits quicker than HICs where land is more expensive, so companies will have less disposable income
• Fewer health & safety regulations in LICs means that companies spend less money on making the working environment safe, so they make more profit compared to in HICs, where they would be using the money on rules that wouldn't exist if they were in LICs
• Most of the Tertiary jobs are carried out in HICs because people have more money to spend, so more tertiary jobs would be needed
• In HICs, wealth means that more infrastructure and trade is possible, so more money leads to more sales, which develops infrastucture and trade
• In HICs more people means that more people are able to carry out secondary-tertiary jobs, which leads to more products being made and sold, which increases profit
• Agriculture - farming, growing crops or raising animals
• The main industries in LICs include agriculture (farming), mining (extracting raw materials) and manufacturing (making things from raw materials)
• Mining - extracting minerals such as gold, diamonds, coal etc
• Secondary industry - manufacturing goods from raw materials (e.g. steel)
• Primary sector = Agriculture + Mining + Forestry + Fishing
• Tertiary industry - providing services such as banking, education and healthcare
• Quaternary industry - information technology and research
• Manufacturing - making goods using raw materials
• Secondary sector = Manufacturing + Construction
• Primary sector - involves taking natural resources directly from nature e.g. farming, fishing, forestry, mining, oil drilling
• Secondary sector - involves changing raw materials into finished products e.g. factories, construction sites
• Tertiary sector = Services
• Tertiary industry - providing services (e.g. banking, education, healthcare)